Vineyard Wind 1 is an offshore wind energy project located about 24 km (15 mi) south off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Vineyard Wind 1 is the first utility-scale offshore wind project under development in the US, featuring 62 fixed-bottom wind turbines, with a combined nameplate capacity of 804MW.^[3] At peak production, this provides energy equivalent of powering 400,000 homes. The turbines used are manufactured by GE Offshore Wind, each capable of manufacturing up to 13MW. The $4 billion project, developed by Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners in partnership with Iberdrola is leading the charge in offshore wind in the USA, and aims to contribute substantially to Massachusetts renewable energy targets while reducing carbon emissions.^[4] The Massachusetts Department of public Utilities approved the project in 2019, and construction began in November 2021. Power from the first Turbine started flowing into the ISO New England grid on January 2024. Construction is expected to be completed by the end of 2024. The Onshore cable landing sites is an onshore substation in Hyannis village, positioned next to the existing Eversource substation.^[5]

The project is jointly owned by Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners and Iberdrola, through a subsidiary of Avangrid Renewables.^[6][7] GE Offshore Wind (a subsidiary of GE Wind Energy based in Europe) is supplying the 62 turbines.^[8] Windar Renovables is building the foundations. Nexans Group & Prysmian Group is providing cabling.^[9]

Two independent submarine power cables run from an offshore 220 kV transformer about 15 miles south of the southeast corner of Martha's Vineyard, to Covell's Beach in Centerville in Barnstable on Cape Cod about 34 miles (some 55 km) away. They feed into the 115 kV grid at Barnstable Switching Station^[10][11] owned by Eversource.^[12]

The Port of New Bedford has been used as a staging area for the project.^{[13][14][15][16]} DEME is handling some construction and installation logistics. The vessels used must comply with the Jones Act,^[17] so feeder barges transport components from port to site.^[18] Salem Harbor has also been developed as an offshore wind port in conjunction with the project.^[19]

During construction a bubble curtain from Thayer Mahan, Inc. is being deployed.^[20]

A final environmental impact statement (FEIS) was released in March 2021.^[21] Approval was delayed during the term of U.S. president Donald Trump, due to concerns regarding fishing and safety. The permission was fast-tracked after Joe Biden took office.^[22] Final major federal approval was granted on May 11, 2021.^[23]

A total of $2.3 billion in project funding was secured in October 2021. The Responsible Offshore Development Alliance representing fishing interests filed a federal lawsuit several months later disputing the approval,^[22] and a group of Nantucket residents did so in January 2023.^[24] Solar competitor Allco Renewable Energy also filed suit.^[25] Construction proceeded despite the lawsuits.

Electricity from the first turbines began flowing on January 2, 2024, with the final turbines expected to be installed by the end 2024.^{[26][27] [needs update]}

The developers have agreed to suspend construction during right whale activity in the area,^[28] and University of New Hampshire monitors their sounds.^[29] The project is expected to both reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce electricity costs for Massachusetts consumers.^[30] The wind farm has secured 20-year contracts to sell the power it produces for a fixed 20-year price of $0.09/kWh and has agreed to provide a total of $15 million for a fund to provide battery storage in low-income communities.^[31]

Six beaches on Nantucket, MA, were closed after a wind-turbine blade from the offshore wind farm broke apart on July 13, 2024 sending fiberglass shards into the Atlantic Ocean and onto the nearby coast.^[32]

This timeline traces the development from the project from 2015 to 2025 when the operation of Vineyard Wind 1 is expected begin. It is organized in four distinct phases that the project must go through in order to be complete. The first phase is early development and planning, during which time the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) gauges interest in a new lease area, evaluates the environmental impacts that may be imposed on it by construction, and conducts an auction to select a developer for a new offshore wind project. During the second phase, environmental review and permitting, the developer must submit a plan for how they will build, operate, and decommission the project. In response to this, BOEM must conduct an environmental analysis to assess the impacts of the plan, and consider comments submitted from the public regarding the public. In the third phase, record of decision and approvals, BOEM along with other implicated agencies must consider the environmental analysis and make a final decision on whether or not to approve the project. If approved, the project moves to the final phase during which is the action construction and installation of the wind farm.

Vineyard Wind 1 is located in federally controlled water on the Commercial Lease Outer Continental Shelf (OCS)-A-0501, which is approximately 12 nautical miles off the coast of Martha's Vineyard and 12 nautical miles from Nantucket. The lease area comprises 166,886 acres, and only the Northern section will be occupied by Vineyard Wind 1 project.^[38]

In 2009, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) initiated the renewable energy program (authorized under the Energy Policy Act of 2005), which provides a structure for regional planning and analysis, lease issuance, site assessment, and construction and operations.^[39] BOEM is required by the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act (OCSLA) to award offshore wind lease areas competitively, through a "Call for Information and Nominations" process.^[40] BOEM published its Call for Information and Nominations on the 6th of February 2012 in the Federal Register to gauge interest for the Call Area. The Call additionally asked for information from the public regarding issues relevant to the review of nominations for the potential lease area.^[38]

On the 12th of November 2012, BOEM published a Final Environmental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact for commercial wind lease issuance and site assessment activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) in the Call Area.^[38] On June 17, 2014, BOEM and Massachusetts announced that a total of 3,002 square kilometers (742,000 acres) would be designated for commercial wind energy leasing. Later, on January 29, 2015, BOEM conducted a competitive auction to lease sections the area. Vineyard Wind 1 won the lease area, with a bid of $135.1 million, outcompeting 10 other developers, the most company participants in an OSW auction in the US thus far.^[38]

In March 2017, the Site Assessment plan, detailing the methods Vineyard Wind 1 project might use to collect data on the marine environment in the lease area to better understand it, was submitted to BOEM and approved in November 2017. The Construction and Operations plan (COP) was submitted in December 2017 to BOEM, laying out detailed plans for construction and operations offshore and extensive archaeological surveys evaluation. Onshore transmission plans were submitted to the state of Massachusetts at the same time. In May 2019, the state board approved Vineyard Wind 1 transmission plan.^[41]

During the public comments period in June of 2020, 29,000 positive comments were received for Vineyard wind. In March 2021, BOEM released Final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). After a 3-year review of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) by multiple agencies, BOEM approved the COP with revisions.^[41]

BOEM released a Notice of Intent in March 2018 to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement, to review the potential impacts of the COP and inform a final decision on Vineyard Wind 1. The release of the NOI marked the beginning of a 30-day public comment period, in which BOEM held five public scoping meetings in Massachusetts and Rhode island. In December 2018, BOEM published a draft EIS and following public commenting and review, the final EIS was published in March 2021, including a full and fair discussion of the significant environmental impacts of the project.^[42]

To carry out their analysis, BOEM employs a maximum case scenario methodology, whereby each aspect of the project is analyzed according to what the greatest potential impact could be.^[42] Consideration is given to physical, biological and socioeconomic and cultural factors that might be affected. Therefore, Vineyard was required as part of their COP to develop a Project Design Envelope (PDE) which defines project parameters and characteristics while maintaining a degree of flexibility for selection of components and design. With the PDE, each aspect of the project is analyzed according to its highest conceivable impact, and classified as negligible, minor, moderate or major.^[43]

The in depth environmental analysis was carried out not only for the proposed project in the COP but also for a range of alternatives. These alternatives were developed by BOEM in consultation with other agencies, such as the NMFS and in response to comments received during the public comment period. Analyzing various alternatives allowed BOEM to identify a preferred plan of action, picking and choosing various action plans in combination. This informs BOEMs final decision in the Record of Decision (ROD). For Vineyard Wind, 20 total alternatives were considered by BOEM during the EIS preparation and only 6 were carried forward. The other 14 were not continued because they did not meet the purpose or need of screening criteria.^[44]

The proposed Action plan, “Alternative A” outlines a plan of 100 Wind turbine generators (WTGs), each with 8 to 10 MW generation capacity and spaced between 0.75 and 1 mile apart. Up to two electric service platforms would be used. One of two Onshore export cable routes (OECRs) would be used, either New Hampshire Avenue and Covell's Beach.^[44]

The first Alternative “B” would eliminate the New Hampshire Avenue cable landfall option and OECR route, limiting the OECR to the Covell's Beach option only. This was in response to extensive public comments against the NH avenue. Vineyard Wind acquired all the local and state permits required for the Covell's Beach OERC, and therefore, Covell's Beach became the default OERC for the proposed action and thus alternative B was no longer evaluated as an alternative. Alternative C is the No Surface Occupancy in the Northernmost Portion of the project area alternative, to reduce the visual impacts of the proposed project and potential conflicts with existing ocean uses such as fishing. Consequently 6 WTGs would be excluded from the northern corner, and they would be relocated to the southern part of the lease area.^[44]

Alternative D proposes Wind Turbine Layout modification, whereby the wind turbine array layout would be changed to potentially reduce impacts on existing ocean uses. Two alternative layouts were proposed: D1, whereby WTGs would have at least 1 mile between them and then lanes between turbines would also be a minimum 1 mile. D2 whereby the wind turbine layout would be arranged in an East to West orientation and all WTGs would again have a minimum of 1 mile of spacing between them. Alternative E is the reduced project size alternative, where the proposed project would consist of no more than 84 WTGs in order to potentially reduce impacts on the environment. Alternative F is where a vessel transit line through the WDA would be established, in which no surface occupancy can occur. This lane would allow for the transit of vessels through the project area from southern New England ports, such as New Bedford. This would disclose the effect a transit lane could have on the expected effects from the other action alternatives. The final alternative ‘G’ was named “No Action” which means that BOEM would not approve Vineyard Wind 1. Analyzing this as an alternative provides a baseline comparison of environmental impact of the offshore wind project.^[44]

Vineyard Wind 1 was financed through a combination of equity and debt financing, tax equity investments, and government incentives. The project is a joint venture between Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners and Avangrid Renewables, a subsidiary of Iberdrola. The project secured approximately $2.3 billion in senior debt financing in 2021 from a group of nine leading international and U.S. banks, including Santander, BNP Paribas, BBVA, Bank of America, MUFG, Credit Agricole, JP Morgan, Natixis, and NatWest. Since, additional banks have joined the syndication process to bring the total funder count to 25 institutions. This initial funding was advised by Santander and led by Vineyard Wind’s General Counsel, Jennifer Simon Lento along with the legal firm, Norton Rose Fulbright, serving as lead financing counsel. This financial milestone allowed Vineyard Wind to issue their notice to proceed to contractors in order to begin construction.^[45]

A large portion of the financing for Vineyard Wind 1 was secured through tax equity investments, a common way for renewable energy projects to be funded. Tax equity financing allows investors to fund projects in exchange for tax benefits, reducing their federal tax obligations. In October 2023, the project closed a $1.2 billion tax equity package, the largest single-asset tax equity deal in American history. This financing was led by J.P. Morgan Chase, Bank of America, and Wells Fargo. It was structured as a partnership flip, which means that tax equity investors receive most of the tax benefits and profits in the early stages of the project, but eventually ownership shifts back to the original project sponsors. This investment was made possible through the Investment Tax Credit, which allows developers to reduce their tax burden by a certain percentage of the project’s overall cost. According to the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA), Vineyard Wind qualified for a 30% Investment Tax Credit. The developers initially sought a 40% ITC rate, but due to IRS and Treasury Department regulations, were unable to secure it.^[46]

The overall financing of Vineyard Wind 1 benefited significantly from federal tax credits and supportive government policies aimed at expanding offshore wind capacity in the U.S. For example, the Inflation Reduction Act from the Biden administration helped to increase the availability of tax equity financing. Additionally, Massachusetts state policies and power purchase agreements (PPAs) with National Grid, Eversource, and Unitil guarantee that these three utilities will buy electricity from Vineyard Wind at an agreed upon price.^[46]

The Vineyard Wind 1 farm will consist of 62 wind turbine generators installed in a grid pattern spaced 1 nautical mile apart. The developers selected General Electric as their turbine provider, choosing their Haliade-X turbines capable of producing 13 MW of electricity each. Each turbine consists of a three-bladed rotor, with a total rotor diameter between 164 and 222 meters. The total height of each turbine from the seabed to the tip of the blade ranges from 191 to 255 meters. The turbines are anchored using monopile foundations driven into the seabed.^[47]

The wind farm will feature one offshore substation (OSS), placed within the wind turbine generator grid and will serve to consolidate and step up the voltage of the electricity before its transmission to the onshore grid. This OSS is mounted on a monopile foundation designed to withstand extreme marine conditions. The electricity is transmitted from the turbines to the OSS via a network of 66-kilovolt (kV) inter-array cables buried beneath the seabed.^[47]

From the OSS, two 220-kV export cables transport the electricity to the onshore grid. These cables are buried under the seabed using jetplows, specialized underwater tools that use high-pressure water to fluidize the seabed. The cables can then be laid up to six feet below the seafloor before the sediment naturally resettles, minimizing environmental impact. The offshore cables make landfall at Covell’s Beach in Barnstable, Massachusetts, where they transition to onshore transmission lines through a technique called horizontal directional drilling (HDD). HDD is a trenchless construction technique utilized to minimize surface disturbance in the installation of underground cables or pipelines. A pilot hole is drilled along a predetermined path and then enlarged to allow room for the cables, which are pulled through the hole. This method ensures minimal environmental disruption, especially in environmentally sensitive areas, such as beaches and wetlands.^[47]

From the landfall point at Covell’s Beach, the onshore export cables travel underground along public roads for approximately 5.3 miles before reaching the Vineyard Wind 1 onshore substation, in Barnstable’s Independence Park. This underground cable system is placed in a concrete-encased duct bank to ensure protection and reliability. The onshore substation is crucial to the integration of the electricity generated by the turbines into the regional electricity grid. Four 220/115-kV transformers are stored in the substation, along with switchgear and other electrical equipment. The Barnstable Switching Station allows the electricity generated by Vineyard Wind 1 to be supplied to the Massachusetts energy grid.^[47]

The New Bedford Marine Commerce Terminal is a 26-acre port facility that supports the construction of the Vineyard Wind 1 project. The facility serves as a hub for assembling, staging, and transporting turbine components. In addition to New Bedford, multiple other port facilities along the Northeast U.S. coastline are used for different aspects of the project.^[47]

Specialized installation vessels transport turbine components from staging areas to the offshore construction sites where they can be assembled and installed. Among these specialized vessels are jack-up installation ships, that can lift turbine components into place, and cable-laying vessels, which can install the underwater transmission cables that connect the wind farm to the onshore grid. In addition, crew transfer vessels (CTVs) and service operation vessels (SOVs) support offshore construction and long-term maintenance. These vessels ensure safe access to the turbines and substations for technicians to work on construction and maintenance.^[47]

As of late 2024, Vineyard Wind 1 is in its final stages of construction and expected to be completed by mid-2025.^[49] With their first project nearing completion, the developers, Copenhagen Infrastructure Partners (CIP) and Avangrid, are looking to future offshore wind projects in the region. They secured leasing for Vineyard Wind 2 in September in what was expected to be a joint agreement between Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts.^[50] However, in December, Connecticut decided to not go through with the tri-state procurement and the project was shelved.^[51]

The Vineyard Wind 1 project has had strong support from federal, state, and local governments, environmental organizations, and labor groups.^[52] However, worries for the broader offshore wind industry have arisen with the inauguration of the Trump administration in early 2025. President Trump has made his intentions to prevent future development of the offshore wind industry very clear. While Vineyard Wind 1, has secured all necessary permits and agreements, and has already connected to the onshore grid, future offshore wind projects will likely encounter increased uncertainty depending on federal energy policies.

• Anbaric Development Partners
• Cape Wind
• East Coast of the United States
• List of offshore wind farms
• List of offshore wind farms in the United States
• SouthCoast Wind
• Territorial waters
• Vineyard Power Co-operative
• Revolution Wind Farm

• Vineyard Wind