King's Bench Prison

King's Bench Prison
King's Bench Prison by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson (1808–11)
Map
Interactive map of King's Bench Prison
LocationSouthwark, London, England
StatusClosed
Closed1880[1]

The King's Bench Prison was a prison in Southwark, south London, England, from the Middle Ages until it closed in 1880. It took its name from the King's Bench court of law in which cases of defamation, bankruptcy and other misdemeanours were heard; as such, the prison was often used as a debtors' prison until the practice was abolished in the 1860s. In 1842, it was renamed the Queen's Bench Prison,[2] and it became the Southwark Convict Prison in 1872.[3]

Middle Ages

The first prison was originally constructed from two houses and was situated in Angel Place, off Borough High Street, Southwark. As with other judicial buildings it was often targeted during uprisings and was burned in 1381 and 1450. During the reign of King Henry VIII, several prison buildings were constructed within an enclosing brick wall. This complex was demolished in 1761.[4]

18th century

Locations of King's Bench Prison and Horsemonger Lane Gaol, c. 1833.
The King's Bench Prison in 1830.

In 1758 a replacement prison was built at a cost of £7,800 on a 4-acre (16,000 m2) site close to St George's Fields (south of Borough Road, close to its junction with Blackman Street/Newington Causeway, and a short distance from Horsemonger Lane Gaol; today the site is occupied by the Scovell housing estate). Although much larger and better appointed than some other London prisons, the King's Bench Prison gained a reputation for being dirty, overcrowded and prone to outbreaks of typhus. Debtors had to provide their own bedding, food and drink. Those who could afford it purchased 'Liberty of the Rules,' allowing them to live within three miles of the prison.

In 1768 John Wilkes was imprisoned at King's Bench for writing an article for The North Briton that severely criticized King George III. His imprisonment prompted a riot in which five people were killed, known as the Massacre of St George's Fields.[5] Like the earlier buildings, this prison was badly damaged in a fire started during the 1780 Gordon Riots. It was rebuilt 1780-84 by John Deval, the King's master mason.[6]

In 1842 it became the Queen's Prison taking debtors from the Marshalsea and Fleet Prison and sending lunatics to Bedlam. Fees and the benefits they could buy were abolished, and after the prison passed into the hands of the Home Office in the 1870s, it was closed and demolished.

Literary connections

English dramatist Thomas Dekker was imprisoned in the King's Bench Prison because of a debt of £40 to the father of John Webster, from 1612 to 1619. In prison he continued to write. John Clavell (1601–1642/3)—the probable playwright of The Soddered Citizen performed by the King's Men—was sentenced at The King's Bench to hang, but he was reprieved following the coronation of Charles I by intervention of Queen Mary.[7]

In Charles Dickens' David Copperfield, Wilkins Micawber is imprisoned for debt in the King's Bench Prison. In Nicholas Nickleby, Madeline Bray and her father live within the Rules of the King's Bench. In Little Dorrit, the prison is discussed by Mr. Rugg and Arthur Clennam.[8] In Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor, King's Bench is referred to when Melville describes John Claggart as being possibly arraigned at King's Bench. Walter Besant's 1899 novel The Orange Girl begins with its protagonist, William Halliday, a musician disinherited by his wealthy family, in the Rules of King's Bench Prison in London.

The part played by the prison in the life of the time is described by William Russell in his 1858 work “The Recollections of a Policeman”. From Chapter XIV, ‘The Martyrs of Chancery’:

In Lambeth Marsh stands a building better known than honored. The wealthy merchant knows it as the place where an unfortunate friend, who made that ruinous speculation during the recent sugar-panic, is now a denizen; the man-about-town knows it as a spot to which several of his friends have been driven, at full gallop, by fleet race-horses and dear dog-carts; the lawyer knows it as the “last scene of all,” the catastrophe of a large proportion of law-suits; the father knows it as a bug-bear wherewith to warn his scapegrace spendthrift son; but the uncle knows it better as the place whence nephews date protestations of reform and piteous appeals, “this once,” for bail. Few, indeed, are there who has not heard of the Queen’s Prison, or, as it is more briefly and emphatically termed, “The Bench!”[citation needed]

Notable inmates

The Mock Election, an 1827 painting by Benjamin Robert Haydon. The artist himself spent several terms in the jail for debt.

References

  1. ^ David Brandon; Alan Brooke (15 August 2011). Bankside: London's Original District of Sin. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-1-4456-0962-1.
  2. ^ Mitchel P. Roth (2006). Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 152–. ISBN 978-0-313-32856-5.
  3. ^ The American Philatelist. American Philatelic Association. January 2006.
  4. ^ "Additional Information (South): King's Bench". Crime & Punishment. UK: London Footprints.
  5. ^ "King's Bench Prison". Spartacus Educational.
  6. ^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis p.129
  7. ^ Bentley, G. E. (1956). The Jacobean and Caroline Stage. Vol. III. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 161–165.
  8. ^ Dickens London Archived 2013-01-23 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Todd, Janet, M. (1987). A Dictionary of British and American women writers, 1660-1800. United States: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 40. ISBN 0-8476-7125-9 – via The Internet Archive.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Claude La Colombière, S.I. (1641-1682) - biography". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  11. ^ "William Combe | Satirist, Poet, Traveler | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 1 January 2025. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  12. ^ "Edmund Curll :: People :: Grub Street Project". www.grubstreetproject.net. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  13. ^ "Robert Gouger". History Hub. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  14. ^ "Emma's end: debt, exile and defiance | Royal Museums Greenwich". www.rmg.co.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  15. ^ Tedder, Henry Richard (1890). "Hansard, Thomas Curson" . In Stephen, Leslie; Lee, Sidney (eds.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 24. London: Smith, Elder & Co. p. 308.
  16. ^ "Benjamin Robert Haydon (1786-1846) - The Mock Election". www.rct.uk. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  17. ^ Memoirs of Daniel Mendoza
  18. ^ Seccombe, Thomas (1895). "Oates, Titus" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 41. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  19. ^ "John Penry". history.powys.org.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2025.
  20. ^ Tedder, Henry Richard (1896). "Pitt, Moses" . In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 45. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  21. ^ "Robert Recorde | Welsh Mathematician & Inventor of the Equal Sign | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  22. ^ "Episode 1". A House Through Time. Series 3. Episode 1. 26 May 2020. BBC One. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
  23. ^ "[no title]". Whitehall Evening Post. 28 November 1758. {{cite news}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  24. ^ "William Smith (1769-1839)". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 8 May 2008. Retrieved 13 January 2025.
  25. ^ "The Massacre of St George's Fields and the petition of William Allen - Committees - UK Parliament". committees.parliament.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2025.

51°29′59″N 0°05′52″W / 51.4998°N 0.0979°W / 51.4998; -0.0979

allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_the_King%27s_Bench