Baradari (brotherhood)

Barādarī (also spelled Birādrī or Biraderi; Urdu: برادری) means "brotherhood", and refers to the various tribes or clans found among South Asian Muslims. The word originates from the Farsi word Baradar (Persian: برادر), meaning "brother".

History

See also: Caste system among South Asian Muslims § Zamindars, Kammis, and the Seyp system

According to British author Anatol Lieven, "the most important force in Pakistani society" are Baradaris, as political parties and alliances are usually based primarily on tribal affiliation, rather than any competing religious, ethnic, or ideological cause.[1] The system is strongest in Pakistani Punjab,[2] where rural tribes of Jutts, Rajputs, Gujjars, Arains, and Awans are dominant.[3] The system is also present in Sindh,[4] though it is comparatively less influential.

Baradaris have also influenced politics in some parts of the United Kingdom, where a significant number of people are of Pakistani descent, most notably in Bradford.[5]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hamid, Mohsin (September 29, 2011). "Why They Get Pakistan Wrong". New York Review of Books.
  2. ^ Usman, Ahmed (2011). Social Stratification in a Punjabi Village of Pakistan: The Dynamics between Caste, Gender, and Violence (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Leeds.
  3. ^ Ahmed, Mughees (2009). "Local-bodies or local 'biradari' system: An analysis of the role of burglaries in the local bodies system of Punjab" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. 30 (1): 81–92.
  4. ^ Hussain, Ghulam (2019-08-01). "Understanding Hegemony of Caste in Political Islam and Sufism in Sindh, Pakistan". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 54 (5): 716–745. doi:10.1177/0021909619839430. ISSN 0021-9096.
  5. ^ Pervez, Sabbiyah (February 27, 2015). "How clan politics grew in Bradford". BBC News.

Further reading

  • Gilmartin, David (1994). "Biraderi and Bureaucracy: The Politics of Muslim Kinship Solidarity in 20th Century Punjab," International Journal of Punjab Studies 1, no. 1.
  • Peace, T., & Akhtar, P. (2015). Biraderi, bloc votes and bradford: Investigating the respect party's campaign strategy. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 17(2), 224-243.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biradri