Not to be confused with Lee Jackson Highway.
Lee Highway logo from 1925 Rand McNally Auto Trails Map.

The Lee Highway was a United States auto trail initially connecting from an eastern zero mile marker on the Ellipse[1] in Washington DC to a western zero marker, the Pacific Milestone, [1] in the center of San Diego, California — via the American South and Southwest.

Complementing the Lincoln Highway, the nation's first northern transcontinental auto route, the Lee Highway Association was formed on December 3, 1919; the route was inaugurated on November 17, 1923, and the association subsequently approved extensions to New York and San Francisco.[2] Where the primary goal of the assocation was to improve roadways between Washington and San Diego, the extensions used existing developed highways.[2]

By 1926, the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO) adopted the U.S. numbered highway system to replace named trails, and the Lee Highway was split, east to west, among U.S. 211, U.S. 11, U.S. 72, U.S. 70, U.S. 366, and U.S. 80[2] &mash; leaving numerous vestiges across its length of its earlier name and history.

History

In 1919, Dr. Samuel Myrtle Johnson of Roswell, New Mexico, wrote to David Carlisle Humphreys of Lexington, Virginia, proposing a transcontinental auto trail that would connect Southern states as the 1913 Lincoln Highway had done in the north. Johnson proposed to name this new road for Robert E. Lee, the former leader of the vanquished Confederate Army. At the time, Lee was venerated by many in the American South, thanks in large part to Lost Cause pseudohistory.

Humphreys duly put out a call for a meeting in Roanoke, Virginia, to form a new national highway association. On December 3, 1919, five hundred men from five states met in Roanoke to officially form the Lee Highway Association.[3]

In January 1922, Johnson wrote in The New York Times, "Although only twenty months old, the work of the Lee Highway Association has already progressed so steadily that completion of the transcontinental route is anticipated within three years."[4] In November 1923, a commemorative milestone was dedicated at a ceremony at Horton Plaza Park in downtown San Diego to mark the arrival of the highway at the Pacific coast. With much fanfare, President Calvin Coolidge pushed a button in the White House that rang a gong in Horton Plaza.[5]

From the memoirs of Katherine Johnson Balcomb (April 3, 1894 – February 2, 1980), published in The Balcomb Family Tree Book:[6]

Promoting a coast-to-coast highway across the southern tier of states as a memorial to General Robert E. Lee was considered by my father [Samuel Myrtle Johnson] as his crowning achievement. As the number and speed of automobiles increased, there arose a demand for good roads to run them on. Cities along logical routes for highways banded together to promote construction of roads to come through their towns. The first transcontinental highway that was thus promoted was conceived as a memorial to Abraham Lincoln and ran through the northern states. Father's concept was a companion highway that would start at Washington, run south and then west to the Pacific coast. He organized The Lee Highway Association and set about selling the idea to the cities along its logical routing. The idea, of course, had a great appeal in the South and he was able to induce prominent men to serve in the Association. The first president was Claudius Houston, Tennessee, undersecretary to Herbert Hoover. Cordell Hull, later to become Secretary of State, served on the board and later as president of the Association. Father had the title of Director General and received a good salary and liberal expense money.

The national project echoed efforts in cities and towns across the South to venerate Lee and other Confederate leaders during the nadir of American race relations.[7] In his 1922 piece in the Times, Johnson wrote that the association "proposes to infuse into the national life, the inspiration to noble things that cannot fail to result from a knowledge of the life, character, and services of Lee", adding that the project would be a "worthy work of patriotism in honoring a great American".[4]

Routing

The route of the Lee Highway was designated by the following routes:

Present-day name usage

Much of the original route is still known by the name "Lee Highway", including in these cities and areas (listed from east to west):

In October of 1938, cities all along the highway made national news, when the San Diego Zoo, under the direction of Belle Benchley, arranged to have two three-year old giraffes, later named Patches and Lofty,[11] transported from British East Africa via freighter, where during their 54 days at sea they were caught in the Hurricane of 1938. The giraffes were then kept for 16 days at the U.S. Animal Quarantine Station in Athenia, New Jersey and driven cross-country over 14 days via the nascent Lee Highway on a specially customized 1938 International D-40 truck — to the zoo in San Diego.[12] The highway, quarantine station, giraffes, and zoo featured prominently in the 2019 novel, West With Giraffes.

The "Lee Highway Blues" is a standard of southern string band music. It is widely attributed to G. B. Grayson of the popular Grayson and Whitter string band of the late 1920s, who recorded it under the title "Going Down The Lee Highway" but it was almost certainly composed by fiddler James ("Uncle Jimmy" or "Fiddlin' Jim") McCarroll of the Roane County Ramblers.[13] The tune has been used as a fiddler's showpiece, especially in the Virginia area and notably by Scotty Stoneman (who referred to it as Talkin' Fiddle Blues) and by string band revivalists such as the Highwoods String Band.

Alice Gerrard and Hazel Dickens recorded a rendition of Lee Highway Blues on the Smithsonian Folkways album Pioneering Women of Bluegrass,[14] as did Chubby Wise.[15]

David Bromberg wrote and performs a whimsical bluegrass tune, "The New Lee Highway Blues", describing the tribulations of traveling on an endless highway of one horse towns.

Fiddler Ken Clark performed a tune called Lee Highway Ramble.

Notes

  1. ^ a b "The Lee Highway". AmericanRoads.us.
  2. ^ a b c Richard F. Weingroff. "Dr. S. M. Johnson - A Dreamer of Dreams: The Lee Highway". Federal Highway Administration.
  3. ^ The Highway Magazine. Armco Drainage & Metal Products. 1918.
  4. ^ a b Johnson, Samuel (January 15, 1922). "GREAT LEE HIGHWAY; By Wilson's Birthplace". The New York Times. Retrieved June 30, 2023.
  5. ^ Bell, Diane (June 24, 2020). "Lee highway marker was quietly removed from Horton Plaza". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
  6. ^ The Balcomb Family Tree Book, Cody Publishing, Seattle, 1989
  7. ^ Johnson, Samuel (January 15, 1922). "GREAT LEE HIGHWAY; By Wilson's Birthplace". The New York Times. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  8. ^ "Langston Blvd sign replacement project expected to wrap up in a couple of weeks". ARLnow.com. October 20, 2021. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
  9. ^ "South Washington Street Small Area Plan: South Washington Street Corridor: Planning Opportunity Area 2". City of Falls Church. October 28, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2023.
  10. ^ Virginia Route Index, revised July 1, 2003 Archived August 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (PDF)
  11. ^ "Balky Giraffes Finally On Their Way". The Herald News, Passaic NJ. October 12, 1938.
  12. ^ "Giraffes at Home After Long Journey". Oakland Tribune. October 27, 1938.
  13. ^ Bob Fulcher, liner notes to Roane County Ramblers, Complete Recordings 1928-1929, 2004 P. 7
  14. ^ "Pioneering Women of Bluegrass: The Definitive Edition". Smithsonian Folkways Recordings. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  15. ^ "Highway Blues by Chubby Wise: Track Info". AllMusic. Retrieved June 27, 2023.

References

  • Rand McNally Auto Road Atlas, 1926, accessed via the Broer Map Library: shows the route between Washington, D.C., and New Mexico, except in western Tennessee
  • Virginia Hart, The Story of American Roads, 1950, p. 240: lists the cities on the route
Allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Highway
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