For the Hong Kong actor, see Lam Suet. For the Shakespearean clown, see Richard "Dicky" Suett. For the Roman historian, see Suetonius.
Calf suet

Suet is the raw, hard fat of beef, lamb or mutton found around the loins and kidneys.

Suet has a melting point of between 45 and 50 °C (113 and 122 °F) and congelation between 37 and 40 °C (99 and 104 °F). Its high smoke point makes it ideal for deep frying and pastry production.

Tallow after rendering

The primary use of suet is in tallow, although it is also used as an ingredient in cooking, especially in traditional baked puddings, such as British Christmas pudding. Suet is rendered into tallow by melting and extended simmering, followed by straining, then cooling. The process may be repeated to refine the product.

Etymology

The word suet /ˈs(j)uːɪt/ is derived from Anglo-Norman siuet, suet, from Old French sieu, seu, from Latin sēbum ('tallow', 'grease', 'hard animal fat').[1] Sebum is from the Proto-Indo-European root *seyb- ('pour out, trickle'), so it shares a root with sap and soap.[2][3]

Use

In cuisine

As suet is the fat from around the kidneys, the connective tissue, blood and other non-fat content must be removed. It must be refrigerated prior to use and used within a few days of purchase, similar to raw meat.

Pastry made from suet is soft in contrast to the crispness of shortcrust pastry, which makes it ideal for certain sweet and savoury dishes.

Suet is found in several traditional British dishes, such as the sweet baked puddings jam roly-poly and spotted dick. Savoury dishes include dumplings, which are made using a mixture of suet, flour and water rolled into balls that are added to stews during the final twenty minutes or so of cooking. In the savoury dish steak and kidney pudding, a bowl is lined with a suet pastry, the meat is placed inside and a lid of suet pastry tightly seals the meat. The pudding is then steamed for approximately four hours before serving. Suet is also an ingredient of traditional mincemeat, which is also referred to as 'fruit mince'.

Due to its high energy content, cold weather explorers use suet to supplement the high daily energy requirement needed to travel in such climates. Typically the energy requirement is around 5,000–6,000 Cal per day for sledge hauling or dog-sled travelling.[6] Suet is added to food rations to increase the fat content and help meet this high energy requirement.

Properties of common cooking fats (per 100 g)
Type of fat Total fat (g) Saturated fat (g) Mono­unsaturated fat (g) Poly­unsaturated fat (g) Smoke point
Butter[7] 81 51 21 3 150 °C (302 °F)[8]
Canola oil[9] 100 6–7 62–64 24–26 205 °C (401 °F)[10][11]
Coconut oil[12] 99 83 6 2 177 °C (351 °F)
Corn oil[13] 100 13–14 27–29 52–54 230 °C (446 °F)[8]
Lard[14] 100 39 45 11 190 °C (374 °F)[8]
Peanut oil[15] 100 16 57 20 225 °C (437 °F)[8]
Olive oil[16] 100 13–19 59–74 6–16 190 °C (374 °F)[8]
Rice bran oil 100 25 38 37 250 °C (482 °F)[17]
Soybean oil[18] 100 15 22 57–58 257 °C (495 °F)[8]
Suet[19] 94 52 32 3 200 °C (392 °F)
Ghee[20] 99 62 29 4 204 °C (399 °F)
Sunflower oil[21] 100 10 20 66 225 °C (437 °F)[8]
Sunflower oil (high oleic) 100 12 84[10] 4[10]
Vegetable shortening [22] 100 25 41 28 165 °C (329 °F)[8]

Suet-based recipes

In bird feed

Main article: Suet cake
Red-breasted nuthatch feeding on suet

Cakes of suet are popularly used for feeding wild birds and may be made with other solid fats, such as lard. Rolled oats, bird seed, cornmeal, raisins, and unsalted nuts are often incorporated into the suet cakes.[23]

Availability

Pre-packaged suet sold in supermarkets is dehydrated suet.[citation needed] It is mixed with flour to make it stable at room temperature, requiring some care when using it for recipes calling for fresh suet, as the proportions of flour to fat can change. Most modern processed recipes stipulate packaged suet.

Also available is vegetable suet, which is made from refined vegetable oil.[24]

Cultural and religious restrictions

Main article: Chelev

Consumption of suet is forbidden according to Jewish law and it was reserved for ritual altar sacrifices. This restriction only applies to those animals which were used for sacrifices, and thus does not include wild animals such as deer. Maimonides in his book Guide To The Perplexed, writes that one of the ideas behind this commandment is that the Torah wants to teach people to develop the discipline to avoid very tasty foods that are unhealthy.

See also

References

  1. ^ Gilleland, Jeannie Rideout (1980). "Anglo-Norman Siuet, Source of English Suet". Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Literatur. 90 (3): 248–250. JSTOR 40616857.
  2. ^ Kirkpatrick, Andy (2010). The Routledge Handbook of World Englishes. Routledge. ISBN 978-1136954566. Archived from the original on 2021-12-06. Retrieved 2020-11-03 – via Google Books.
  3. ^ "LSA" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2019-12-21.
  4. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  5. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). "Chapter 4: Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". In Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). pp. 120–121. doi:10.17226/25353. ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Retrieved 2024-12-05.
  6. ^ Nutritional Requirements in Cold Climates Archived 2015-10-13 at the Wayback Machine, Rodahl, Kaare; JN - The Journal of Nutrition
  7. ^ "Butter, salted". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. 1 April 2019. Retrieved 2 July 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h The Culinary Institute of America (2011). The Professional Chef (9th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-42135-2. OCLC 707248142.
  9. ^ "Oil, canola, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  10. ^ a b c "Nutrient database, Release 25". United States Department of Agriculture.
  11. ^ Katragadda HR, Fullana A, Sidhu S, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA (2010). "Emissions of volatile aldehydes from heated cooking oils". Food Chemistry. 120: 59. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.070.
  12. ^ "Oil, coconut, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Oil, corn, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  14. ^ "Lard, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  15. ^ "Peanut oil, proximates". FoodData Central, USDA Agricultural Research Service. 28 April 2021. Retrieved 11 July 2024.
  16. ^ "Oil, olive, extra virgin, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  17. ^ "Rice Bran Oil FAQ's". AlfaOne.ca. Archived from the original on 2014-09-27. Retrieved 2014-10-03.
  18. ^ "Oil, soybean, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  19. ^ "Beef, variety meats and by-products, suet, raw, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  20. ^ "Nutrition data for Butter oil, anhydrous (ghee) per 100 gram reference amount"". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  21. ^ "Sunflower oil, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  22. ^ "Shortening, vegetable, nutrients". FoodData Central. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  23. ^ "Attractwildbirds.com". Archived from the original on September 5, 2010.
  24. ^ "Vegetable suet". gourmetsleuth.com. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
Allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef_suet
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