Bruniales
| Bruniales | |
|---|---|
| |
| Desfontainia spinosa | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Clade: | Campanulids |
| Order: | Bruniales Dumort.[1] |
| Families | |
Bruniales is an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of eudicots. Under the APG IV system of flowering plant classification the order consists of two families:[2] Bruniaceae, which are shrubs native to South Africa, and Columelliaceae, which are trees and shrubs native to Central and South America.
Taxonomy
Bruniales was not recognized as an order until 2008 when a study suggested that Bruniaceae and Columelliaceae were sister clades.[3] In 2009, the APG III system placed both families as the only members of the order Bruniales, which is a sister order to the Apiales.[1] Before this, both families were placed in the Lamiales.[4]
The APG III phylogenetic tree for the asterids is:
References
- ^ a b Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
- ^ Winkworth, Richard C.; Lundberg, Johannes; Donoghue, Michael J. (2008). "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". Taxon. 57 (1): 53–65. Bibcode:2008Taxon..57...53W. doi:10.2307/25065948. JSTOR 25065948.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
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