The Bezhta (or Bezheta) language (Bezhta: бежкьалас миц, bežƛʼalas mic, beƶⱡʼalas mic, pronounced [ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑs mit͡s]), also known as Kapucha (from the name of a large village[3]), belongs to the Tsezic group of the North Caucasian language family. It is spoken by about 6,200 people in southern Dagestan, Russia.[1]
Classification
Its closest linguistic relatives are Hunzib and Khwarshi.[4]
Dialects
Bezhta can be divided into three dialects – Bezhta Proper, Tlyadal and Khocharkhota[1] – which are spoken in various villages in the region.
Phonology
Bezhta has a rich consonantal and – unlike its relatives Tsez and Avar – a relatively large vowel inventory (16 distinct vowel phonemes), compared to other languages of the same family.[5]
Vowels
| Oral | Nasal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |||
| Close | i iː | y yː | u uː | ĩ ĩː | ỹ ỹː | ũ ũː |
| Mid | e eː | ø øː | o oː | ẽ ẽː | ø̃ ø̃ː | õ õː |
| Open | æ æː | ɑ ɑː | æ̃ æ̃ː | ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː | ||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato- alveolar |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | lateral | ||||||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | t͡s | t͡ɬ ~ k͡𝼄 | t͡ʃ | k | q͡χ | ʔ | |
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ɬʼ ~ k͡𝼄ʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʼ | q͡χʼ | |||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ɬ | ʃ | χ | ħ | h | |||
| voiced | z | ʒ | ʁ | ʕ | ||||||
| Sonorant | w | r | l | j | ||||||
Orthography
Bezhta is unwritten, but various attempts have been made to develop an official orthography for the language. The Bezhta people use Avar as the literary language. The first book ever printed in Bezhta was the Gospel of Luke (1999).[6] The orthography used in translations of biblical texts is as follows:[7][8]
| А а | Аь аь | Ан ан | Аьн аьн | А̄ а̄ | Б б | В в | Г г |
| Гъ гъ | Гь гь | ГӀ гӀ | Д д | Е е | Ен ен | Ж ж | З з |
| И и | Ин ин | Ӣ ӣ | Й й | К к | Къ къ | Кь кь | КӀ кӀ |
| Л л | Лъ лъ | ЛӀ лӀ | М м | Н н | О о | Оь оь | Он он |
| Оьн оьн | О̄ о̄ | П п | ПӀ пӀ | Р р | С с | Т т | ТӀ тӀ |
| У у | Уь уь | Ун ун | Уьн уьн | Ӯ ӯ | Х х | Хъ хъ | ХӀ хӀ |
| Ц ц | ЦӀ цӀ | Ч ч | ЧӀ чӀ | Ш ш | Э э | Эн эн | Ъ ъ |
Morphology
Bezhta is mostly agglutinative and the vast amount of locative cases makes its case system particularly rich. The verb morphology is relatively simple. It is an ergative language.[citation needed]
Numerals
Unlike Tsez, Bezhta has a decimal system with the word for twenty being an exception.[9]
| Latin | Cyrillic | IPA | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | nol | нол | nol |
| 1 | hõs | гьоᵸс | hõs |
| 2 | qʼona | къона | qʼona |
| 3 | łana | лъана | ɬana |
| 4 | ṏqʼönä | оьᵸкъоьнаь | ø̃qʼønæ |
| 5 | łina | лъина | ɬina |
| 6 | iłna | илъна | iɬna |
| 7 | aƛna | алIна | atɬna |
| 8 | beƛna | белIна | betɬna |
| 9 | äčʼena | аьчIена | æt͡ʃʼena |
| 10 | acʼona | ацIона | at͡sʼona |
| 20 | qona | хъона | qona |
| 100 | hõsčʼitʼ / -čʼitʼ | гьоᵸсчIитI / -чIитI | hõst͡ʃʼitʼ / -t͡ʃʼitʼ |
| 1000 | hazay | гьазай | hazaj |
- Multiples of 10 higher than 20 are formed by adding the suffix -yig (-йиг) to the multiplier. Hence, the word for 30 is łanayig (лъанайиг).
- Compound numbers are formed by juxtaposition, the smaller numbers following the greater ones. The number 47 is thus expressed as ṏqʼönäyig aƛna (оьᵸкъоьнаьйиг алIна).
Sample text
Chechen,[clarification needed] a Latinized transcription and one in IPA.
| CYRILLIC | LATIN TRANSCRIPTION | IPA TRANSCRIPTION | TRANSLATION |
|---|---|---|---|
| Гьогцо гьоллохъа нисос: | Hogco holloqa nisos: | [hoɡ.t͡so holː.o.qɑ ni.sos | Jesus said to the followers: |
| Доьъа богьцалаъ вагьда̄ ниса: | Dö'a bohcala' wahdā nisa: | dɜʔ.ɑ boh.t͡sɑ.lɑʔ wɑh.dɑː ni.sɑ | When you pray, pray like this: |
| «Йа̄ Або, Дибо ца̄ᵸ аьдамла̄ илагьияб бикӀзи йовала, | «Yā Abo, Dibo cā̃ ädamlā ilahiyab bikʼzi yowala, | jɑː ʔɑ.bo, di.bo t͡sɑ̃ː ʔa.dɑm.lɑː ʔi.lɑ.hi.jɑb bikʼzi jo.wɑ.lɑ | "O Father, we pray that your name will always be kept holy, |
| Дибо Парчагьлъи йоᵸкъала; | Dibo Parčahłi yõqʼala; | di.bo pɑr.t͡ʃɑh.ɬi jõ.qʼɑ.lɑ | we pray that your kingdom will come; |
| Шибаб водиъ баццас баьба илол нилӀа; | Šibab wodi' baccas bäba ilol niƛa; | ʃi.bɑb wo.diʔ bɑt͡sː.ɑs ba.bɑ ʔi.lol ni.tɬɑ | give us the food we need for each day; |
| Илла мунагьла̄кьас кьодос тилӀки, судлӀо нисода илена къацӀцӀола илол кешлъи йо̄вакьас кьодос тилӀбакца. | Illa munahlāƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛki, sudƛo nisoda ilena qʼacʼcʼola ilol kešłi yōwaƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛbakca. | ʔi.lːɑ mu.nɑh.lɑːtɬʼ.ɑs tɬʼo.dos ti.tɬki, sud.tɬo ni.sɔ.dɑ ʔi.le.nɑ qʼɑt͡sʼː.o.lɑ ʔi.lol keʃ.ɬi joː.wɑ.tɬʼɑs tɬʼo.dos ti.tɬbɑk.t͡sɑ | forgive us the sins we have done, because we forgive every person that has done wrong to us. |
| Ми илос гьаьл бикъелална уьᵸхолъа̄къа.» | Mi ilos häl biqʼelalna ü̃xołāqʼa.» | mi ʔi.los hal bi.qʼe.lɑl.nɑ ʔɨ̃.χo.ɬɑː.qʼɑ] | And don't let us be tempted." |
References
- ^ a b c Bezhta at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
- ^ Shirin Akiner, Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed. (KPI, Distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986: ISBN 0-7103-0188-X), p. 253.
- ^ Schulze, Wolfgang (2009). "Languages in the Caucasus" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
- ^ Comrie, Bernard; Khalilov, Madzhid; Khalilova, Zaira (2015). Grammatika Bezhtinskogo Jazyka [A grammar of Bezhta]. Leipzig-Makhachkala: MPIEVA.
- ^ Institute for Bible Translation. "Translators' News" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2014-01-30.
- ^ Chalilov, Madžid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev [The language, folklore and ethnography of the Bezhta people]. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-91431-157-2.
- ^ Chalilov, Madžid Šaripovič (2017). Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev [The language, folklore and ethnography of the Bezhta people]. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii. ISBN 978-5-93943-240-5.
- ^ Ulrich, Alexis. "Bezhta numbers". Of Languages and Numbers. Retrieved 2024-10-28.
External links
- Margus Kolga; Igor Tõnurist; Lembit Vaba; Jüri Viikberg (1993). "The Bezhtas". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.
- The Bezhta People and Language (P.J. Hillery)
- Bezhta Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
- Bezhta basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database
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