Esh (majuscule: Ʃ, minuscule: ʃ) is a character used in phonology to represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative (English ⟨sh⟩, as in "ship").
In Unicode, these letters are encoded as U+01A9 Ʃ LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ESH and U+0283 ʃ LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH
Form, usage, and history
Its lowercase form ⟨ʃ⟩ is similar to an integral sign ⟨∫⟩ or a long s ⟨ſ⟩ with an extra leftward hook at the bottom; in 1928 the Africa Alphabet borrowed the Greek letter sigma for the uppercase form ⟨Ʃ⟩. The lowercase form was introduced by Isaac Pitman in his 1847 Phonotypic Alphabet to represent the voiceless postalveolar fricative (English sh). It is not common around African languages, but it is, in fact, used in some, for example, Serer uses its lowercase form to make the [ʄ] consonant. This letter is used as well as in the International Phonetic Alphabet.
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) uses U+0283 ʃ LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH to represent a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant. Related obsolete IPA characters include U+01AA ƪ LATIN LETTER REVERSED ESH LOOP, U+0285 ʅ LATIN SMALL LETTER SQUAT REVERSED ESH, and U+0286 ʆ LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH CURL.
U+AB4D ꭍ LATIN SMALL LETTER BASELINE ESH is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system.[1]
Variations of esh are used for other phonetic transcription:[2] ⟨ᶋ⟩, ⟨ᶘ⟩, ⟨ʃ⟩.
U+1DF0B 𝼋 LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH DOUBLE BAR and U+1DF0C 𝼌 LATIN SMALL LETTER ESH WITH DOUBLE BAR AND CURL are used as click letters.[3][4]
See also
- U+222B ∫ INTEGRAL
- U+017F ſ LATIN SMALL LETTER LONG S
- U+03A3 Σ GREEK CAPITAL LETTER SIGMA
- U+03C3 σ GREEK SMALL LETTER SIGMA
- U+0428 Ш CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA
- U+0160 Š LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CARON
- U+015E Ş LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA
- U+0D3D ഽ MALAYALAM SIGN AVAGRAHA (Praslesham)
- ⟨Sz⟩ (a Polish digraph)
- ⟨Sh⟩ (an English and Albanian digraph)
- Latin-script S-based digraphs (including the Italian ⟨sc⟩, English ⟨sh⟩, and Norwegian and Faroese ⟨sk⟩)
- Latin-script S-based trigraphs (including German ⟨sch⟩ and Italian ⟨sci⟩)
References
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2011-06-02). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Constable, Peter (2004-04-19). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF).
- ^ Miller, Kirk; Sands, Bonny (2020-07-10). "L2/20-115R: Unicode request for additional phonetic click letters" (PDF).
- ^ Anderson, Deborah (2020-12-07). "L2/21-021: Reference doc numbers for L2/20-266R "Consolidated code chart of proposed phonetic characters" and IPA etc. code point and name changes" (PDF).