Tsewang Rabtan Khan

Tsewang Rabtan Khan
Khan
Khan of the Dzungar Khanate
Reign1697–1727
Coronation1697
PredecessorGaldan Boshugtu Khan
SuccessorGaldan Tseren
Died1727 (1728)
SpouseLha-bzang Khan's sister
Seterjap
IssueGaldan Tseren
Lobsangsür
HouseChoros
DynastyDzungar Khanate
FatherSengge
ReligionTibetan Buddhism
OccupationMilitary commander(1683–1727)
Tsewang Rabtan Khan
Chinese name
Chinese策妄阿拉布坦
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinCèwàng Ālābùtǎn
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese策旺阿拉布坦
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinCèwàng Ālābùtǎn
Second alternative Chinese name
Chinese策妄阿喇布坦
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinCèwàng Ālābùtǎn
Tibetan name
Tibetanཚེ་དབང་རབ་བརྟན
Transcriptions
Wylietshe dbang rab brtan
Mongolian name
Mongolian CyrillicЦэвээн Равдан
Mongolian scriptᠴᠡᠸᠡᠩᠷᠠᠪᠳᠠᠨ
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡮᡝᠸᠠᠩ ᠠᡵᠠᠪᡨᠠᠨ
AbkaiCewang Arabtan
MöllendorffTsewang Arabtan
Russian name
RussianЦэван Рабдан
RomanizationTsevan Rabdan
Oirat name
Oiratᡒᡄᡖᠠᡊ ᠠᠷᠠᡋᡐᠠᠨ

Tsewang Rabtan Khan (from Tibetan: ཚེ་དབང་རབ་བརྟན Tsewang Rapten; Chinese: 策妄阿拉布坦; Mongolian: ᠴᠡᠸᠡᠩᠷᠠᠪᠳᠠᠨ; 1643–1727) was the Choros prince and Khan of the Dzungar Khanate from 1697 (following the death of his uncle and rival Galdan Boshugtu Khan) until his death in 1727. He was married to Lha-bzang Khan's sister.

Early life

See also: Galdan Boshugtu Khan

Tsewang Rabtan was the son of Sengge, the brother of Galdan[1] and the Khong tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate until his death on 1670 which he was killed by their half-uncles, Chechen tayiji and Zotov Batur.[2] His uncle, Galdan mobilized to the Irtysh river, in which Galdan renounced his identity as a Lama and took revenge against Chechen tayiji and Zotov Batur.[3] Onwards, Galdan had invaded Yarkent Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate and later invasion of the Khalkhas.[4]

During which, Tsewang had revolted against Galdan and defecting to the Qing side on 1689, and soon consolidating himself as the Khong tayiji of the Dzungar Khanate in 1697.[5]

Reign

After his consolidation of power, he declared war to the Kazakh Khanate in 1698, in response to the Kazakhs raid — which killed Urkudei batur tayiji and 500 civilians.[6] As he routed the Kazakh army in the Chu and Talas rivers, killing thousands and taking about 10,000 men as POW.[7] Another war continued against the Kazakhs with ordering a detachment of Dzungars to invade Kazakhs on 1708, however the Kazakhs retaliated and went deep into Dzungaria, led by Bogembai batyr.[8]

Later Tsewang Rabtan let Danjung (丹衷), the eldest son of Lha-bzang Khan marry to his daughter, Boitalak (博託洛克) in 1714.[9] In the same year, he sent his son Lobsangtur and Galdan Tseren to attack recapture lost territories against the Kazakhs, in which they succeeded.[10] He consolidated Dzungar power by 1715 with attacking recapturing city of Hami in the previous year,[11] which was lost in 1698.[12]

In 1716, He sent an army to 1716, to continue his war against the Kazakhs, they attacked and plundered during the campaign, however they had counterattacked on the Ili river valley.[13] But with Kaip Khan and Abulkhair khan's disagremeents and a later campaign — the Dzungars managed to win over the Kazakhs.[14] He also send his brother Tseren Dhondup to siege Yamyshev fortress forcing them to withdraw from huge casualty and losses.[15]

In 1717, which the Dzungars managed to defeat the Kazakhs again on the Ayagoz river, he also sent one army of 300 into Amdo to retrieve the 7th Dalai Lama, planning to consolidate Tibetan support by bringing him to Lhasa, and another army of 6000, led by his brother Tseren Dhondup, that successfully took Lhasa from the Khoshut and killed Lha-bzang Khan.[16] The Dzungar occupation of Tibet became more difficult to sustain as time passed, and though they managed to defeat a poorly organized Chinese invasion at the Battle of the Salween River in 1718, Qing troops took Lhasa in 1720 during their second and larger expedition.[17]

After Danjung died circa 1717, allegedly at the hands of Tsewang Rabtan, Boitalak married a taisha or prince of the Khoid, a section of the Dzungar people, and later gave birth to Amursana (1723–1757), who would grow up to be Khan of Dzungaria during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.[9] Later that his forces sent earlier had managed to ravage Turkistan, although the results are disputed.[18]

In 1719, another Russian expedition occurred, in which he sent Galdan Tseren to attack them at Zaysan lake, in which succeeded.[19][20] Later, the Qing Dynasty sent a larger force to Tibet, in which removed the Dzungar occupation of Tibet and established the Qing rule in Tibet soon. After the war with the Qing Dynasty, He was now able to focus his troops unto Kazakh Khanate which he declared war and started the fifth war,[21] in which his commander and son — Lobsangtur managed to ravage the Kazakh Steppe and form an occupation.[22]

Death and aftermath

In 1727, he died, causing a war between his two sons Galdan Tseren and Lobsangtur, which Galdan Tseren had won and killed Lobsangtur in the process and inherited the Dzungar Khanate as his successor.[23] During that the war on Kazakhstan turned into a turmoil with the Kazakhs winning on Battles of Bulanty and Anrakai.

See also

References

  1. ^ Boshughtu Khan, not his later son.
  2. ^ Smith 1997, p. 116
  3. ^ Smith 1997, p. 116
  4. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (5th ed.). UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-8120820463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  5. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (5th ed.). UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar. pp. 149–150. ISBN 978-8120820463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  6. ^ Philipchuk, Y. V. Ойраты в политике внутренней Азии [Oirats and Inner Asian Politics] (in Russian). Philipchuk Y. V.
  7. ^ Remileva, E. (2010). "ОЙРАТ-МОНГОЛЫ" ОБЗОР ИСТОРИИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКИХ КАЛМЫКОВ ["Oirat Mongols" A Review of the History of the European Kalmyks] (in Russian). Munich: Weiler: Bertugan, Remileva E. ISBN 978-3-939165-18-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  8. ^ Galiev, V. Z (2013). "Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века". Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века. 1: 23. ISSN 1814-6961. [Strengthening the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian aggression at the beginning of the 18th century]
  9. ^ a b Hummel 1944, p. 10.
  10. ^ Altangerel, Chulunbatyn. Дэлхийн талыг эзгэн үе эрхшээсэн түүхт Монголын зэвсэг, дайн, хил хамгаалалтын толь [A look at the weapons, warfare, and border defenses of the historical Mongols, who conquered half the world] (in Mongolian). Chulunbatyn Altangerel. p. 641. ISBN 978-99978-52-46-5.
  11. ^ Bathold, V. V. (1962). Four Studies on the History of Central Asia. Vol. 1. V. V. Barthold. p. 162. ISBN 978-90-04-00149-7. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  12. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (5th ed.). UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar. pp. 193–199. ISBN 978-8120820463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  13. ^ Galiev, V. Z (2013). "Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века". Усиление борьбы казахского народа против Джунгарской агрессии в начале XVIII века. 1: 22. ISSN 1814-6961. [Strengthening the struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungarian aggression at the beginning of the 18th century]
  14. ^ Moiseev, V.A; R.B, Suleimanov (1988). ИЗ ИСТОРИИ КАЗАХСТАНА XVIII ВЕКА (О ВНЕШНЕЙ И ВНУТРЕННЕЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ АБЛАЯ) [FROM THE HISTORY OF KAZAKHSTAN IN THE 18TH CENTURY (ON THE FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC POLICY OF ABLAI)] (in Russian). Almaty: V.A Moiseev and R. B. Suleimanov. p. 20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  15. ^ Perdue, P.C. (2005). China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia. Cambridge: the Belknap press of Harvard university press, Peter C. Perdue. p. 212. ISBN 0-674-01684-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  16. ^ Smith 1997, pp. 123–4.
  17. ^ Mullin 2000, pp. 285–9.
  18. ^ Check the page itself for a better understanding.
  19. ^ Baabar, Unknown (2000). “History of Mongolia” “From World Power to Soviet Satellite”. Baabar. p. 84.
  20. ^ Российско-казахские отношения в XVI–XIX вв [Russian-Kazakh Relations in the 16th–19th Centuries] (in Russian).
  21. ^ Moiseev, V. A. (1991). The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries) [The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries)] (in Russian). Almaty: Gylym, Moiseev V. A. p. 71.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  22. ^ Moiseev, V. A. (1991). The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries) [The Dzungar Khanate and the Kazakhs (17th–18th Centuries)] (in Russian). Almaty: Gylym, Moiseev V. A. p. 72.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  23. ^ Adle, Chahryar (2003). History of Civilizations of Central Asia (5th ed.). UNESCO, Adle Chahrayar. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-8120820463.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

Bibliography

allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsewang-Rabtan