Majorcan midwife toad

Majorcan midwife toad
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Alytidae
Genus: Alytes
Species:
A. muletensis
Binomial name
Alytes muletensis
(Sanchiz & Adrover, 1977)

The Majorcan midwife toad (Alytes muletensis) (also Mallorcan midwife toad or ferreret in Balearic Catalan and Spanish) is a frog in the family Alytidae (formerly Discoglossidae). It is endemic to the Balearic Island of Mallorca in the Mediterranean Sea. An example of Lazarus taxon, the species was first described from fossil remains in 1977, but living animals were discovered in 1979.

The species, considered "endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), is currently restricted to isolated mountain streams in the island's Serra de Tramuntana and has an estimated population of 500 to 1500 breeding pairs in the wild.[1] It does exist and reproduce easily in captivity, however.[citation needed] The Majorcan midwife toad is thought to have disappeared from most of the island as a result of the introduction of competitors and predators from the mainland in ancient times.[who?] Reintroduction of the species in additional areas has taken place since 1988, with many new breeding populations now well established.[citation needed]

Characteristics

Like all midwife toads, the male of the species always carries the developing eggs during the months of May and June. Generally the head and legs are large in comparison to the rest of the body. Unusually, the female of the species competes for the male, even grappling against other individuals in order to secure a mate. Both male and female frogs use a series of noises in order to attract a mate during courtship. Comparatively the female is larger than the male (Male: 34.7 mm, Female: 38 mm).

Distribution

The species is endemic to Mallorca, and is found only in the mountainous regions and gorges of the Serra de Tramuntana. In this area, the species inhabits streams in limestone caverns, where they hide under boulders and stones.

Status

The Majorcan midwife toad was first discovered in 1977 and was described as Baleaphryne muletensis. Only later the toad was accounted as a midwife toad. This was due to the fact that the species was thought extinct and was described from the fossil record. Later the species was 'rediscovered' in 1979 when froglets and young frogs were discovered. Currently the species is protected as a Mallorcan endemic species, and breeding programs have been started to prevent the extinction of this species. The number of wild animals is estimated at around 300 to 700 breeding pairs. It was previously housed and bred at the Durrell Wildlife Park, with the goal of releasing into the wild, which was successful.[2]

Threats

Invasive species and predation

The viperine snake (Natrix maura) is an invasive species on Mallorca introduced via human activity or from individuals swimming to Mallorca from mainland Europe, though it has likely been present on the island for at least several centuries.[3] This snake eats both the tadpoles and adults of A. muletensis, and has led to a decline of up to 90% in some midwife toad tadpole populations.[1][4][5] Another species introduced to Mallorca in antiquity (~2,000 years ago) is the Perez's frog (Rana perezi), which also eats both tadpole and adult midwife toads and competes with the toad for resources.[1][6]

Human activities and habitat alteration

The midwife toad lives exclusively in the streams of limestone ravines in the Serra de Tramuntana on the northwestern side of Mallorca.[6][7] Any human alterations (i.e., dams, canals) which change water levels or quality of these streams affect the toad's ability to find suitable habitat.[7] Human recreational activities in the toad's habitat (e.g., hiking) could also introduce diseases to Mallorcan midwife toad populations.[1]

Disease introduction and lack of habitat maintenance

In 1991, a highly-contagious fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, was introduced to the population via reintroduction of captive-bred individuals that had been in contact with infected captive Cape platanna (Xenopus gilli) individuals.[8][9] The fungus which causes this disease, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, declined after 2008, and as of 2015, B. dendrobatidis was reported to be extirpated from the island following aggressive treatment of infected ponds with itraconazole fungicide.[10][11] Several new habitat sites have been constructed for the midwife toad, although these are reportedly poorly maintained, and subpopulations reported in these new habitats are unlikely to survive long-term without intervention.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Martínez-Solano, I.; Schmidt, B.R.; IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2024). "Alytes muletensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2024 e.T977A207979274. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T977A207979274.en.
  2. ^ Durrell.org. "Durrell Wildlife hosts international planning meeting for Mallorcan midwife toad | Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust". www.durrell.org. Retrieved 2016-08-21.
  3. ^ Guicking, Daniela; Griffiths, Richard A.; Moore, Robin D.; Joger, Ulrich; Wink, Michael (2006). "Introduced alien or persecuted native? Resolving the origin of the viperine snake (Natrix maura) on Mallorca". Biodiversity and Conservation. 15: 3045–3054.
  4. ^ Bakewell-Stone, Petra (31 May 2024). "Natrix maura". CABI Digital Library. Retrieved 13 February 2026.
  5. ^ Pinya, Samuel; Tejada, Silvia; Capó, Xavier; Sureda, Antoni (2016). "Invasive predator snake induces oxidative stress responses in insular amphibian species". Science of the Total Environment. 566: 57–62.
  6. ^ a b Moore, Robin D.; Griffiths, Richard A.; Román, Alvaro (2004). "Distribution of the Mallorcan midwife toad (Alytes muletensis) in relation to landscape topography and introduced predators". Biological Conservation. 116: 327–332.
  7. ^ a b Pinya Fernández, Samuel; Soler, Joaquim; Martinez Silvestre, Albert (2006). "Origin, status, and conservation of the Mallorcan Midwife Toad, Alytes muletensis". Reptilia: 60–65.
  8. ^ Imperial College London (23 September 2008). "Captive breeding introduced infectious disease to Mallorcan amphibians". Imperial College London News. Retrieved 13 February 2026.
  9. ^ Walker, Susan F.; Bosch, Jaime; James, Timothy Y.; Litvintseva, Anastasia P.; Valls, Juan A.O.; Piña, Samuel; García, Gerardo; Rosa, Ghislaine A.; Cunningham, Andrew A.; Hole, Sarah; Griffiths, Richard; Fisher, Matthew C. (2008). "Invasive pathogens threaten species recovery programs". Current Biology. 18 (18): 853–854. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.033.
  10. ^ Stokstad, Erik (17 November 2015). "Biologists wipe out toad-killing fungus on a Spanish island". Science. Retrieved 13 February 2026.
  11. ^ Bosch, Jaime; Sanchez-Tomé, Eva; Fernández-Loras, Andrés; Oliver, Joan A.; Fisher, Matthew C.; Garner, Trenton W. J. (2015). "Successful elimination of a lethal wildlife infectious disease in nature". Biology Letters. 11 (11) 20150874.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alytes_muletensis