List of Hawaiian species extinct in the Holocene

Location of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
The O'ahu 'ō'ō (Moho apicalis) is among dozens of bird species that became extinct after the human settlement of Hawaii.

This is a list of Hawaiian animal species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)[a] and continues to the present day.[1]

The Hawaiian Islands include the eight major islands (the Windward Islands) and the small islands and atolls of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. They are all part of the U.S. state of Hawaii, except Midway Atoll, which is a separate U.S. territory.[2]

The islands of East Polynesia (including New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island) were among the last habitable places on earth colonized by humans.[3] Estimates for the timing of Polynesian settlement in Hawaii have been uncertain,[4] but a 2010 study based on radiocarbon dates of more reliable samples suggests that Hawaii was first settled by humans roughly between 1219 and 1266 CE.[3] In 1778, British explorer James Cook became the first recorded European to arrive in Hawaii. An influx of European and American explorers, traders, and whalers arrived shortly after. Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 and became a state in 1959.[5]

Numerous species have disappeared from Hawaii as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Human contact, first by Polynesians and later by Europeans, had a significant impact on the environment. Both the Polynesians and Europeans cleared native forests and introduced non-indigenous species for agriculture (or by accident), driving many endemic species to extinction. Fossil finds in caves, lava tubes, and sand dunes have revealed that Hawaii once had a native eagle,[6] two raven-size crows, several bird-eating owls, and giant ducks known as moa-nalo. Today, many of Hawaii's remaining endemic species of plants and animals are considered endangered. Hawaii has more endangered species and has lost a higher percentage of its endemic species than any other U.S. state.[7] The endemic plant Brighamia now requires hand pollination because its natural pollinator is presumed to be extinct.[8]

This list of extinct species only includes the indigenous biota of Hawaii, not domestic animals like the Hawaiian Poi Dog. Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Synemporion keana Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii (island)[9] Might have become extinct around the 10th century.[10]

Birds (class Aves)

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Nēnē-nui Branta hylobadistes Maui, possibly Oahu and Kauai Most recent remains dated to 1046-1380.[11]
Giant Hawaiʻi goose Branta rhuax Hawaii (island) Most recent remains dated to 1380-1500.[12]
Turtle-jawed moa-nalo Chelychelynechen quassus Kauai[13] Only known from subfossil remains.[14]
Small-billed moa-nalo Ptaiochen pau Maui[13] Known from subfossil remains. It was possibly restricted to montane habitat, while the lowlands were occupied by the Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo. Likely disappeared due to a combination of hunting and predation or competition with introduced mammals.[14] (right)
Kauaʻi mole duck Talpanas lippa Kauai Most recent remains dated to 3540-3355 BCE.[15] Being a flightless, nocturnal, almost-blind species convergent with New Zealand's kiwi, it was likely very vulnerable to hunting and predation by introduced animals.[14]
Oʻahu moa-nalo Thambetochen xanion Oahu Most recent remains dated to 440-639 CE.[11] It possibly disappeared due to a combination of hunting, habitat loss, and nest-predation by introduced mammals.[14]
Maui Nui large-billed moa-nalo Thambetochen chauliodous Maui and Molokai Most recent remains dated to 1057-1375.[11] It occupied low altitudes while the small-billed moa-nalo lived at higher elevations. It likely disappeared due to hunting, and nest predation by Polynesian rats.[14] (left)
Giant Oʻahu goose Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. Oahu Prehistoric[citation needed]
Long-legged shelduck Anatidae sp. et gen. indet. Kauai

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kepler's crake Zapornia keplerorum Maui Known from subfossil remains.[14]
Molokai crake Zapornia menehune Molokai
Laysan rail Zapornia palmeri Laysan Disappeared from Laysan in 1923 after feral rabbits ate all the vegetation in the island. Previously, the species was introduced to other islands in an attempt to save it from extinction, establishing successful populations in Midway (Eastern and Sand islands). In 1943, military construction in Midway accidentally introduced black rats, which exterminated the rails by either June 1944 or June 1945.[14]
Hawaiian rail Zapornia sandwichensis Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1864; claims of further survival are unsubstantiated. The nominate subspecies Z. s. sandwichensis lived on the leeward side of the island of Hawaii and the subspecies Z. s. millsi on the windward side. It coexisted peacefully with the Polynesian rat but might have been driven to extinction by the black rat. Mongooses were blamed by some authors, but they were not introduced to the island until 1883. Hunting, deforestation, predation by pigs, cats, and dogs, and introduced diseases from poultry may have been contributing factors to its extinction.[14]
Great Maui crake Porzana severnsi Maui Early 12th century/150 CE[citation needed][clarification needed]
Great Oʻahu crake Porzana ralphorum Oʻahu Early 11th century/200 CE[citation needed][clarification needed] Known from subfossil remains. It was apparently limited to lowland areas while Ziegler's crake occupied the highlands, which would make it even more vulnerable to human settlement than other flightless rails.[14]
Small Oʻahu crake Zapornia ziegleri[14] Most recent remains dated to 650-869 CE.[11]
Great Hawaiian crake "Porzana" sp. Hawaii (island) All prehistoric.[citation needed]
Great Kauaʻi crake "Porzana" sp. Kauai
Medium Kauaʻi crake "Porzana" sp.
Medium Maui crake "Porzana" sp. Maui
Small Hawaiian crake "Porzana" sp. Hawaii (island)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Gulls, terns, and skimmers (family Laridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauaʻi gull Larus sp. Kauai Known from mid-Holocene remains. There are no resident gull species in Kauai's modern fauna, though the laughing gull and others occur accidentally.[16]

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Oʻahu petrel Pterodroma jugabilis Hawaii (island) and Oahu Known from subfossil remains found in archaeological assemblages, because of this it is believed that it was hunted by people. It has no close living relatives.[17]

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maui highland ibis Apteribis brevis Maui Most recent remains dated to 170 BCE - 370 CE.[18]
Molokaʻi ibis Apteribis glenos Molokai[17] Prehistoric
Maui lowland ibis Apteribis sp. Maui[17]
Lānaʻi ibis Apteribis sp. Lanai[19]

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Wood harrier Circus dossenus Molokai and Oahu[17] Prehistoric
Hawaiian eagle Haliaeetus sp. Oahu, Molokai, and Maui[20] Holocene eagle fossils have been found on Oahu, Molokai, and Maui. The absence of eagle fossils from other Hawaiian islands might represent a true gap in distribution or a deficiency in the fossil record. Based on DNA research, these fossils represent the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) or a very close relative. The Hawaiian eagle was an isolated, resident population in Hawaii for more than 100,000 years, where it was the largest terrestrial predator. Its extinction could have been related to human-induced ecological changes, although there is currently no direct evidence for temporal overlap with humans.[20]

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauaʻi stilt-owl Grallistrix auceps Kauai Most recent remains dated to 744-202 BCE.[11]
Maui stilt-owl Grallistrix erdmani Maui Most recent remains dated to 1057-1440 CE.[11]
Molokaʻi stilt-owl Grallistrix geleches Molokai[17] Prehistoric
Oʻahu stilt-owl Grallistrix orion Oahu[17]

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
High-billed crow Corvus impluviatus Oahu[21] Prehistoric
Robust crow Corvus viriosus Oahu and Molokai[21]
Extinct in the wild, crows and relatives (family Corvidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Hawaiian crow Corvus hawaiiensis Hawaii (island) and Maui Historically recorded on the island of Hawaii, where it was persecuted as a nuisance during the 19th century. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui before European contact. The last wild pairs bred on the slopes of the Mauna Loa in 1992, by which time there were only 11 or 12 individuals left. One egg was laid in 1996 but didn't hatch, and the last pair was sighted in 2002. A captive population exists, but a release program in 1993-1999 ended in failure.[22]

Reed warblers (family Acrocephalidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Laysan millerbird Acrocephalus familiaris familiaris Laysan Last recorded in 1913. It likely disappeared due to habitat destruction caused by feral rabbits, which were introduced in 1904 and destroyed the vegetation almost completely by 1920.[14]

Hawaiian honeyeaters (family Mohoidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kioea Chaetoptila angustipluma Hawaii (island), Oahu, and Maui The last individual was collected on the island of Hawaii in 1859. Fossils indicate that this species or a very similar one was also found on Maui and Oahu before European contact. Deforestation, hunting, and introduced predators likely contributed to its extinction.[23]
Narrow-billed kioea ?Chaetoptila sp. Maui Known from subfossil remains. The species coexisted with the Hawaiian kioea, but had a much narrower bill.[21]
Oʻahu ʻōʻō Moho apicalis Oahu Last recorded in 1837. Presumably extinct due to habitat destruction and the introduction of disease-carrying mosquitos.[24] Oʻahu ʻōʻō
Bishop's ʻōʻō Moho bishopi Maui, Lanai, and Molokai Last recorded on Molokai in 1904, with unconfirmed reports lasting until 1915. A bird thought to be this species was observed on Maui in 1981. It declined due to habitat destruction for agriculture and grazing feral mammals, before being wiped out by introduced black rats and diseases carried by mosquitos.[25]
Kauaʻi ʻōʻō Moho braccatus Kauai Though common before the 1890s, it became restricted to the Alakaʻi Wilderness Preserve by the 1970s, and a single pair survived by 1981. The female disappeared when Hurricane Iwa struck Kauai in 1982, and the male was recorded singing in solitary until 1987. The species likely declined due to habitat destruction, predation by introduced black rats and feral pigs, as well as disease-carrying mosquitos.[26]
Hawaiʻi ʻōʻō Moho nobilis Hawaii (island) Last seen in 1934. Presumably disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.[27]

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kāmaʻo Myadestes myadestinus Kauai Last reliably sighted in 1985, with unconfirmed sightings until 1991. Likely causes of extinction include disease carried by introduced mosquitos, deforestation and degradation of forests by feral pigs.[28]
ʻĀmaui Myadestes woahensis Oahu[29] Known from a single individual collected in 1825 and fossil remains. The cause of extinction is unknown, though habitat destruction and avian malaria are suspected.[29]
Possibly extinct, thrushes (family Turdidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Olomaʻo Myadestes lanaiensis Maui, Lanai and Molokai Possibly disappeared from Maui in the 19th century. It was last seen in Lanai in 1933, and the last reliable sighting in Molokai happened in 1980 though there were unconfirmed reports in 1988, 1994, and 2005. It could have been driven extinct by diseases spread by introduced mosquitos and habitat destruction.[30]

True finches (family Fringillidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Oʻahu icterid-like gaper Aidemedia chascax Oahu Prehistoric[21]
Maui Nui icterid-like gaper Aidemedia lutetiae Maui and Molokai
Sickle-billed gaper Aidemedia zanclops Oahu
Oʻahu ʻakialoa Akialoa ellisiana The species is known from only two specimens collected in 1837, although there were undocumented reports in 1937 and 1940. Thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.[31]
Maui Nui ʻakialoa Akialoa lanaiensis Maui, Lanai and Molokai[32] Named from three individuals collected on Lanai in 1892; fossils have also been found on Molokai and Maui. The species is thought to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, disease, and possibly introduced species.[32]
Lesser ʻakialoa Akialoa obscura Hawaii (island) Last reported in 1940. Likely extinct due to deforestation and introduced diseases.[33]
Kauaʻi ʻakialoa Akialoa stejnegeri Kauai Last reported in 1969. Extinct due to forest clearance and introduced disease.[34]
Hoopoe-billed ʻakialoa Akialoa upupirostris Oahu and Kauai Prehistoric[21]
Giant ʻakialoa Akialoa sp. Hawaii (island)
Akialoa sp. Maui
Kona grosbeak Chloridops kona Hawaii (island) Restricted to about four square miles by the time of its discovery in the late 19th century, it was last collected in 1894. The reasons of extinction are unknown, but may include habitat destruction, introduced mammalian predators, and avian malaria.[35]
King Kong grosbeak Chloridops regiskongi Oahu Prehistoric[21]
Wahi grosbeak Chloridops wahi Maui and Oahu Prehistoric. Might include the Kauaʻi grosbeak (Chloridops sp.).[21]
Kauaʻi grosbeak Chloridops sp. Kauai Prehistoric. Might be synonymous with the Wahi grosbeak (Chloridops wahi).[21]
Maui grosbeak Chloridops sp. Maui Prehistoric[21]
ʻUla-ʻai-hawane Ciridops anna Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1892, there was an unconfirmed sighting in 1937. The causes of extinction are unknown, but deforestation, malaria, and predation by introduced rats may have been contributing factors.[36]
Stout-legged finch Ciridops tenax Kauai Known from subfossil remains. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction and hunting for feathers by Polynesians.[14]
Molokaʻi ʻula-ʻai-hawane Ciridops cf. anna Molokai Prehistoric[21]
Oʻahu ʻula-ʻai-hawane Ciridops sp. Oahu
Black mamo Drepanis funerea Maui and Molokai Last collected in Molokai in 1907; fossils are known from Maui. It probably disappeared due to destruction of its understorey habitat by introduced cattle and deer, and predation by rats and mongooses.[37]
Hawaiʻi mamo Drepanis pacifica Hawaii (island) Last recorded in 1898. Although heavily trapped for its feathers, it was likely driven to extinction ultimately by habitat destruction and disease.[38]
Lānaʻi hookbill Dysmorodrepanis munroi Lanai Only known from a single specimen collected in 1913 and single sightings in 1916 and 1918. Presumably driven to extinction by clearing forests for pineapple plantation, predation by cats and rats.[39]
Oʻahu nukupuʻu Hemignathus lucidus Oahu The last two preserved individuals were collected either during an expedition in 1838 or another in 1840-1841, though native accounts suggest it was still present in 1860. A second-hand report from 1939 is "doubtlessly incorrect".[40]
Giant nukupuʻu Hemignathus vorpalis Hawaii (island) Only known from fossils younger than c. 1000 BCE - 500 CE.[41]
Laysan honeycreeper Himatione fraithii Laysan Disappeared after almost the entire vegetation cover of the island was eaten by introduced feral rabbits. The last three individuals were killed in a storm in 1923.[42]
Kauaʻi palila Loxioides kikuchi Kauai Known from two fossil jaws dated to 1375-1610 CE.[43]
Oʻahu ʻakepa Loxops wolstenholmei Oahu Last recorded in 1930. Probably driven to extinction by habitat destruction and disease.[44]
Poʻouli Melamprosops phaeosoma Maui Last two individuals recorded in 2004; one died shortly after being captured. The precise causes of decline are unknown. Suggestions include habitat destruction and modification, spread of disease-carrying mosquitos, pig activity, predation by rats, cats, and small Indian mongooses; and the decline of native Hawaiian snails as a result of predation by rats and the garlic snail Oxychilus alliaricus.[45]
Highland finch Orthiospiza howarthi Prehistoric[21]
Kākāwahie Paroreomyza flammea Molokai Last recorded in 1961-1963. Presumed to have disappeared due to habitat destruction and disease.[46]
Lānaʻi ʻalauahio Paroreomyza montana montana Lanai Extinct since 1937.[47]
Lesser koa finch Rhodacanthis flaviceps Hawaii (island) Seemed to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from the island of Hawaii persisted until the late 19th century, when their upland refugium was degraded by logging, ranching, and intensified predation by the black rat.[48] The lesser koa finch was last recorded in 1891.[49] According to the IUCN red list, "this or a similar species is also known from the fossil record of O'ahu and Maui"[49] apparently referring to the primitive koa finch (Rhodacanthis litotes).[50]
Scissor-billed koa finch Rhodacanthis forfex Maui and Kauai[50] Known from fossils on Maui and Kauai. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.[48]
Primitive koa finch Rhodacanthis litotes Maui and Oahu[50] Known from fossils on Maui and Oahu. Based on its disjunct distribution, the species might have occurred on all main islands except the island of Hawaii and perhaps Kauai, although more fossils are needed for confirmation.[50] The primitive koa finch populations from Oahu and Maui might represent two distinct species, but more fossils or genetic data are necessary.[50] The koa finches seem to have been driven to extinction by habitat destruction, and not by climatic variation nor mosquito-vectored diseases. Koa finches were likely driven out of lowland habitat before or shortly after the time of western contact in 1778. The two species from Maui might have survived in an upland refugium until the late 19th century, paralleling the fate of the two species from the island of Hawaii. However, the only verified records are from fossils at a lower elevation.[48]
Greater koa finch Rhodacanthis palmeri Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1896. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat destruction and introduced avian malaria are likely responsible.[51]
Kauaʻi finch Telespiza persecutrix Oahu and Kauai Most recent remains were found in cave deposits dated to 1425-1660.[11]
Maui Nui finch Telespiza ypsilon Maui and Molokai Prehistoric[21]
Maui finch Telespiza cf. ypsilon Maui
Strange-billed finch Vangulifer mirandus
Thin-billed finch Vangulifer neophasis
Greater ʻamakihi Viridonia sagittirostris Wailuku River, Hawaii (island) Last recorded in 1901. Its only known forest habitat was cleared to plant sugar cane.[52]
Cone-billed finch Xestospiza conica Kauai Prehistoric[21]
Ridge-billed finch Xestospiza fastigialis Oahu, Molokai, and Maui
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. Maui At least three different species, all prehistoric.[21]
Drepanidini gen. et sp. indet. Oahu Prehistoric[21]
Possibly extinct, true finches (family Fringillidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Maui nukupuʻu Hemignathus affinis Maui Last confirmed sighting in 1896, though several "unconfirmed detections" happened in 1986-1998, and a single male was seen by qualified observers in the same area in 1995. The species's forest habitat has been eliminated for cattle ranching or otherwise degraded by introduced ungulates, which also spread alien plants and disease-carrying mosquitos. Predation and competition with introduced birds and insects has also been suggested.[53]
Kauaʻi nukupuʻu Hemignathus hanapepe Kauai Last confirmed sighting in 1899, with unconfirmed records in 1984-1998 and 2007. The more recent observations could actually belong to the Kauaʻi ʻamakihi. It possibly declined due to habitat degradation by introduced ungulates, disease, predation and competition with exotic birds and insects.[54]
Maui ʻakepa Loxops ochraceus Maui Last recorded in 1988, with some dubious audio taken afterward. It could have declined due to habitat loss, invasive diseases, and conflict and competition with introduced species.[55]
Oʻahu ʻalauahio Paroreomyza maculata Oahu Last collected in 1968 and last well-documented observation, of two birds, in 1985. It may have been driven extinct by disease spread by introduced mosquitos.[56]
ʻŌʻū Psittirostra psittacea Hawaii (island), Maui, Molokai, Lanai, Oahu, and Kauai Last recorded with certainty in Hawaii in 1987, and in Kauai in 1989, though there were some unconfirmed sightings after 1995. It disappeared from Oahu, Maui, Molokai, and Lanai between 1899 and 1931. It may have been driven extinct by habitat loss, introduced rats, and malaria spread by exotic mosquitos.[57]

Incertae familiae

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Slender-billed Kauaʻi passerine Passeriformes gen. et sp. indet. Kauai Prehistoric[21]
Tiny Kauaʻi passerine

Insects (class Insecta)

Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata)

Narrow-winged damselflies (family Coenagrionidae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Maui upland damselfly Megalagrion jugorum Maui and Lanai[58] Last seen in 1917.[58]

Grasshoppers, locusts, and crickets (order Orthoptera)

True crickets (family Gryllidae)

Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range
Oʻahu deceptor bush cricket Leptogryllus deceptor Oahu[59][60]

True bugs (order Hemiptera)

Mealybugs (family Pseudococcidae)

Scientific name Range
Clavicoccus erinaceus Oahu[61]
Phyllococcus oahuensis Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[62]

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

True weevils (family Curculionidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Dryophthorus distinguendus Nearly all of the Hawaiian Islands[63] Last seen in 1961.[63]
Laysan weevil Oodemas laysanensis Laysan[64][65] Last seen in 1964.[64]
Rhyncogonus bryani Last seen in 1911.[65]

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Pyralid moths (family Pyralidae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Genophantis leahi Maui, Oahu, Molokai and Hawaii (island) Last seen in the early 1900s.[66]

Owlet moths (family Noctuidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Confused moth Helicoverpa confusa Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands Extinct after 1927.[67]
Minute noctuid moth Helicoverpa minuta Last seen before 1911.[68]
Laysan dropseed noctuid moth Hypena laysanensis Laysan Last seen in 1911.[69]
Hilo noctuid moth Hypena newelli Hawaii (island) Date of last observation unknown, possibly before 1923.[70][b][71]
Lovegrass noctuid moth Hypena plagiota Kauai, Oahu, and Maui Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[72][73]
Kaholuamano noctuid moth Hypena senicula Kauai Date of last collection unknown, possibly before 1923.[74][c][75]
Possibly extinct, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Midway noctuid moth Agrotis fasciata Midway Atoll[76] Last seen before 1960, date unknown.[77][76]
Kona agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis panoplias Hawaii (island)[78]
Poko noctuid moth Agrotis crinigera Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, Maui, Hawaii (island), and Laysan[79] Last seen in 1926.[79]
Kerr's noctuid moth Agrotis kerri French Frigate Shoals[80] Last seen in 1923.[80]
Procellaris agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis procellaris Laysan[81] Last seen in 1912.[81]
Maui agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis cremata Oahu and Maui[82] Last seen in 1912.[82]
Laysan noctuid moth Agrotis laysanensis Laysan[83] Last seen in 1911.[83]
Microreas agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis microreas Hawaii (island)[84] Last seen in 1925.[84]
Light-loving noctuid moth Agrotis photophila Oahu[85] Last seen in 1900.[85]
Data deficient, owlet moths (family Noctuidae)
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kauai agrotis noctuid moth Agrotis tephrias Kauai, Maui, and possibly Hawaii (island)[86] Last seen in 1985.[86]

Geometer moths (family Geometridae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kona giant looper moth Scotorythra megalophylla Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[87] Last seen in the early 1900s.[87]
Koʻolau giant looper moth Scotorythra nesiotes Oahu Last seen in the early 1900s.[88]
ʻOlaʻa peppered looper moth Tritocleis microphylla Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[89] Last seen in the 1890s.[89]

True flies (order Diptera)

Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Pictures
Koʻolau spurwing long-legged fly[90] Campsicnemus mirabilis Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands[91]

Fruit flies and relatives (family Drosophilidae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Lanai pomace fly[92] Drosophila lanaiensis Lanai and possibly Oahu[93] Last seen in 1893.[92][94]

Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)

Order Stylommatophora

Family Achatinellidae

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Achatinella abbreviata Oahu[95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109] Last seen in 1963[110]
Achatinella apexfulva Last individual died in captivity in 2019.[111]
Achatinella buddii Last seen in the early 1900s.[112]
Achatinella caesia Last seen in the early 1900s.[113]
Achatinella casta [114]
Achatinella decora Last seen in the early 1900s.[115]
Achatinella dimorpha Recorded in 1951 and 1967.[101]
Achatinella elegans Last seen in 1952.[116]
Achatinella juddii Last seen in 1958.[117]
Achatinella juncea One post-1945 record, no recent records.[103]
Achatinella lehuiensis Last seen in 1922.[118]
Achatinella livida Collected six times between 1981 and 1993.[105]
Achatinella papyracea Last seen in 1945.[119]
Achatinella spaldingi Last seen in 1938.[120]
Achatinella thaanumi Last seen in the early 1900s.[121]
Achatinella valida Last seen in 1951.[122]
Auriculella expansa Maui[123][124] Last observed in 1960.[123]
Auriculella uniplicata Last observed in 1946.[124]
Newcombia philippiana Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[125][126] Last collected in 1964.[126]
Partulina crassa Lanai[127] Last seen in 1914.[128]
Partulina montagui Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[129] Last seen in 1913.[129]
Perdicella fulgurans Maui[130][131][132][133] No post-1945 sightings.[130][131][132][133]
Perdicella maniensis
Perdicella zebra
Perdicella zebrina

Family Amastridae

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Amastra albolabris Oahu[134][135][136][137] [138]
Amastra cornea [139]
Amastra crassilabrum Last observed in 1951.[136]
Amastra elongata [140]
Amastra forbesi Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[141] [141]
Amastra pellucida Oahu[142] [143]
Amastra porcus Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[144] [144]
Amastra reticulata Oahu[145] [146]
Amastra subrostrata [147]
Amastra subsoror Maui[148][149] Last observed in 1946.[148]
Amastra tenuispira [150]
Amastra umbilicata Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[151] [151]
Carelia anceophila Kauai[152][153][154] Last seen in 1930.[155]
Carelia bicolor Last seen in 1970.[156]
Carelia cochlea Last observed in 1952.[154]
Carelia cumingiana Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[157] Last seen in 1930.[157]
Carelia dolei Kauai[158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171] Last observed in 1952.[158][159]
Carelia evelynae
Carelia glossema Last seen in 1930.[172]
Carelia hyattiana [173]
Carelia kalalauensis Last seen between 1945 and 1947.[174]
Carelia knudseni Last seen in 1930.[175]
Carelia lirata No post-1945 historic sightings.[164]
Carelia lymani [176]
Carelia mirabilis No post-1945 historic sightings.[166][167]
Carelia necra
Carelia olivacea Last seen in 1930.[177][178][179]
Carelia paradoxa
Carelia periscelis
Carelia pilsbryi No post-1945 historic sightings.[171]
Carelia sinclairi Unspecified range within the Hawaiian Islands.[180] [180]
Carelia tenebrosa Kauai[181][182] Last seen in 1930.[183][184]
Carelia turricula

Family Pupillidae

Scientific name Range Comments
Lyropupa perlonga Oahu[185] Last observed in 1980.[185]

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Order Apiales

Celeries, carrots and parsleys (family Apiaceae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Sanicula kauaiensis Kauai Last collected in 1950. Extinct due to introduced plants and animals.[186]

Order Arecales

Palm trees (family Arecaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Laysan fan palm Pritchardia sp. "Laysan" Laysan Last recorded in 1891.[187]

Order Asterales

Sunflowers (family Asteraceae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Argyroxiphium virescens Haleakalā crater, Maui The last pure individual was collected in 1946, and the last hybrid died in 1996. Extinct due to predation by introduced goats, pigs, and cattle.[188]
Tetramolopium consanguineum ssp. consanguineum Kauai Last recorded in the wild in 1868, and in captivity in 1978.[189]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Artemisia kauaiensis Kauai Last recorded in 2006. Declined due to predation by introduced mule deer and feral pigs, and competition with invasive plants including Lantana camara, Juncus planifolius, Axonopus fissifolius, Rubus rosifolius, and Andropogon virginicus.[190]
Na'ena'e Dubautia kenwoodii Only known from the holotype collected in 1991. No individuals were found after its known range was impacted by Hurricane Iniki in 1992.[191]
Tetramolopium consaguineum subsp. leptecophylla Pohakuloa, Hawaii (island)[189]

Bellflowers (family Campanulaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Clermontia multiflora West Maui and the Koolau Mountains of Oahu Last collected in 1871.[192]
Cyanea arborea Northwestern Haleakala, Maui Last collected in 1928.[193]
Cyanea comata Southern slope of Haleakala, Maui Last collected in 1874. Likely extinct due to deforestation.[194]
Cyanea copelandii ssp. copelandii Southeastern Mauna Loa, Hawaii (island) Last collected in 1957. Extinct due to predation by introduced rats and ungulates. It was also pollinated by now extinct Hawaiian honeycreepers.[195]
Superb cyanea Cyanea superba ssp. regina Koolau Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in 1960, likely due to competition with introduced plants and predation by feral pigs.[196]
Cyanea cylindrocalix Hawaii (island) Only known from the holotype collected in 1909.[197]
Haha Cyanea dolichopoda Kauai Last recorded in 1992. The last individuals were likely killed by a landslide.[198]
Cyanea eleeleensis Kauai Last recorded in 1977.[199]
Cyanea giffardi Glenwood, Puna, Hawaii Only known from the type collected in 1917.[200]
Cyanea linearifolia Wahiawa Mountains, Kauai Only known from the type collected in 1957. Probably extinct due to invasive species.[201]
Cyanea mauiensis Maui Last collected in 1870. Probably extinct due to habitat degradation by invasive plants and animals.[202]
Cyanea minutiflora Near Ka Loko Reservoir, Kauai Likely extinct due to habitat degradation by introduced plants and feral ungulates.[203]
Cyanea parvifolia Waioli Valley, Kauai Likely extinct due to introduced species.[204]
Cyanea pohaku Puunianiau, north-west slope of Haleakala, east Maui[205]
Cyanea pycnocarpa Kohala Mountains, Hawaii (island) Only known from the type material.[206]
Oakleaf cyanea Cyanea quercifolia Haleakala volcano, Maui[207]
Cyanea sessilifolia Northern Ko'olau Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in 1946. Likely extinct due to competition with introduced plants, predation by introduced pigs, rats, slugs, and snails, and climate change.[208]
Delissea niihauensis Niihau Last recorded in 1870.[209]
Delissea subcordata Koʻolau Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in 1934. Likely extinct due to invasive weeds, ungulates, rats, and slugs.[210]
Undulata delissea Delissea undulata Maui Last recorded in 1888. Likely extinct due to invasive plants, animals, and habitat loss because of clearance for agriculture and increasing frequency of fires.[211]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Haha Cyanea kolekoleensis Wahiawa Drainage, Kauai The species was described from fifteen individuals discovered in 1987. In 1992 this area was impacted by Hurricane Iniki, and a lone individual was last recorded in 1998. The species was also threatened by predation from introduced pigs, rats, and slugs, and competition with the introduced plants Clidemia hirta, Psidium cattleianum, and Cyathea cooperi.[212]
Delissea takeuchii Waianae Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in 1987. Declined due to competition with the introduced plants Psidium cattleianum and Clidemia hirta, and predation by introduced pigs.[213]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Sharktail cyanea Cyanea pinnatifida Oahu Last wild plant died in 2001. Survives in captivity at the Lyon Arboretum and the National Tropical Botanical Garden.[214]
Superb cyanea Cyanea superba ssp. superba Northern Waianae Mountains and southern Koolau Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in the wild around 2000. Declined due to competition with invasive plants, predation by introduced pigs, rats and slugs, and wildfires generated by activities in a nearby military firing range.[215]
Possibly extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kauai delissea Delissea rhytidosperma Kauai Last recorded in Hanakapiai in 2002. Declined due to competition with introduced Melaleuca quinquenervia, Cyathea cooperi, Melinis minutiflora, Andropogon glomeratus, Lantana camara, and Clidemia hirta; predation by introduced pigs, goats, mule deer, slugs, and rodents; diseases transmitted by leafhoppers and spider mites, and diminished pollination and seed dispersal due to the extinction of native birds and insects.[216]

Order Caryophyllales

Amaranths (family Amaranthaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Hawaiʻi chaff flower Achyranthes atollensis Kure Atoll, Midway Atoll, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Laysan Island Last recorded in 1964. Declined due to habitat destruction for military development, predation by introduced animals, and competition with introduced plants.[217]
Amaranthus brownii Nihoa Last recorded in 1983. Declined due to competition by introduced plant species, landslides, fires, and predation and habitat degradation by introduced animals.[218]

Carnations (family Caryophyllaceae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Schiedea amplexicaulis Kauai and possibly Niihau Last recorded in 1855. Likely extinct due to introduced plants and animals.[219]
Possibly extinct in the wild
Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Schiedea attenuata Kauai Last recorded in the Kalalau Valley in 1994. Declined due to competition with introduced plants like Erigeron, Rubus argutus, Verbena, Lantana camara, Setaria, Kalanchoe, and Lythrum, as well as predation by introduced goats.[220]
Silene perlmanii Waiʻanae Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in the wild in 1997. Declined due to competition with the introduced plants Erigeron karvinskianum, Melinis minutiflora, Morella faya, Passiflora suberosa, and Schinus terebinthifolia, along with predation and habitat degradation caused by introduced pigs and goats.[221]

Sedges (family Cyperaceae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Cyperus rockii Waialae stream, western Kauai Only known from the holotype collected in 1916. Likely extinct due to invasive plants and animals.[222]

Order Fabales

Legumes (family Fabaceae)

Possibly extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ka palupalu o Kanaloa Kanaloa kahoolawensis Kahoʻolawe lowlands The last wild individual was recorded before 2014. The species is threatened by drought, spider mites and two-spotted mites, competition with invasive plants, and predation by introduced rats and mice.[223]

Order Gentianales

Dogbanes (family Apocynaceae)

Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Ochrosia kilaueaensis Hawaii (island) Last recorded in 1927. Its habitat was degraded by introduced plants, goats, and fire.[224]

Coffee and relatives (family Rubiaceae)

Possibly extinct in the wild
Scientific name Range Comments
Kadua haupuensis Kauai The last known seven wild individuals were killed by a landslide in 1998. Captive descendants are kept at the National Tropical Botanical Garden in Kauai. It had declined earlier due to competition with introduced plants including Caesalpinia decapetala, Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, Psidium cattleianum, Passiflora laurifolia, and grasses; as well as predation and habitat degradation by introduced pigs and goats.[225]

Order Lamiales

Gesneriads (family Gesneriaceae)

Scientific name Range Comments
Cyrtandra olona Wahiawa Mountains, Kauai Only known from the holotype collected in 1909. Likely extinct due to habitat degradation and predation by introduced ungulates and plants.[226]
Possibly extinct
Scientific name Range Comments
Cyrtandra crenata Koolau Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in 1947. Declined due to habitat degradation by introduced pigs and goats, predation by introduced rats, slugs, and snails; and competition with introduced plants.[227]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Fuzzyflower cyrtandra Cyrtandra waiolani Koolau Mountains, Oahu Last recorded in 1943. Declined due to predation by feral pigs and other invasive animals.[228]

Mints (family Lamiaceae)

Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Hillebrand's phyllostegia Phyllostegia hillebrandii Western and southern flanks of Haleakala, Maui Last collected in the 19th century. Most of its original range is now deforested, but it could still survive in the remaining forest. If alive, it could be threatened by introduced pigs, cattle, deer, goats, and plants.[229]
Phyllostegia kahiliensis Mount Kahili, Kauai Last recorded in 1987.[230]
Phyllostegia knudsenii Waimea, Kauai Last collected in 2001. Declined due to predation by introduced animals (rats, slugs, goats, pigs) and competition with introduced plants (Rubus argutus, Kalanchoe pinnata, Psidium cattleianum, Grevillea robusta, Myrica faya, Mariscus meyenianus, Passiflora mollissima, Lantana camara, Setaria parviflora and Erigeron karvinskianum).[231]
Possibly extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Twocleft stenogyne Stenogyne bifida Molokai Last known individual in the wild died in 2015. Delcined due to competition with introduced plants including Melinis minutiflora, Buddleia asiatica, Rubus rosifolius, and Schinus terebinthifolia; predation by introduced slugs, feral pigs (which also degrade its habitat), and root mealybugs, and infection with powdery mildew.[232]
Kalalau Valley stenogyne Stenogyne campanulata Kauai Last recorded in the wild in 2006. Declined due to predation, habitat degradation, and erosion caused by introduced goats and pigs, as well as competition with introduced plants including Erigeron karvinskianum, Rubus argutus, and Kalanchoe pinnata.[233]
Oahu stenogyne Stenogyne kanehoana Western Oahu Last recorded in the wild in 2013. Declined due to competition with introduced plants including Clidemia hirta, Schinus terebinthifolia, and Psidium cattleianum; predation and habitat degradation caused by introduced rats, slugs, pigs, goats, and cattle; fire, and infection by an unidentified species of powdery mildew.[234]

Order Malvales

Mallows (family Malvaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kawaihae hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus bombycinus Kawaihae, Hawaii Only known from the holotype collected before 1868.[235]
Lava hau kuahiwi Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus Puhielelu Ridge, Lanai Only known from a tree discovered in 1981, which has died since.[when?] Seeds were collected but have not been germinated.[236]
Maui hau kuahiwi Hibiscadelphus wilderianus Maui [237]
Wailupe Valley treecotton Kokia lanceolata Makaku, Koko Head, and Wailupe Valley, Oahu[238]
Extinct in the wild
Common name Scientific name Range Comments Pictures
Kilauea hau kuahiwi Hibiscadelphus giffardianus Mauna Loa, Hawaii (island) Last wild individual died in 1930, possibly due to predation by introduced rats, and introduced diseases. Rewilding captie individuals is hampered by the extinction of its probable natural pollinator, a Hawaiian honey-creeper.[239]
Molokaʻi treecotton Kokia cookei Mahana, western Molokai Likely exterminated from the wild by grazing sheep.[240]

Daphnes (family Thymelaeaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Lavafield false ohelo Wikstroemia hanalei Kauai Last collected in 1897.[241]
Possibly extinct
Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Skottsberg's false ohelo Wikstroemia skottsbergiana Kauai Last recorded in 2000, after having been considered extinct for many years before. The species is threatened by habitat degradation, introduced predators including pigs, goats, and rats, and also by competition with introduced plants like Cyathea cooperi, Melastoma candidum, Clidemia hirta, Axonopus fissifolius, Cyperus meyenianus, Juncus planifolius, Oplismenus hirtellus, Rubus rosifolius, Sacciolepis indica, Schizachyrium condensatum, Setaria gracilis, and Psidium guajava.

Order Rosales

Roses (family Rosaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Liliwai Acaena exigua Maui and Kauai Last individual died in 2000.[242]

Order Sapindales

Rues and citrus trees (family Rutaceae)

Common name Scientific name Range Comments
Kaholuamanu melicope Melicope macropus Waimea, Kauai Last collected in the Nuʻololo stream in 1995. Extinct due to predation and habitat destruction by introduced feral goats, pigs, and deer, and competition with introduced plants like Rubus rosifolius, R. argutus, Hedychium garderianum, and Kalanchoe pinnata.[243]
Makawao melicope Melicope obovata Maui? Only known from the holotype, of uncertain procedence.[244]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The source gives "11,700 calendar yr b2k (before CE 2000)". But "BP" means before 1950 CE. Therefore, the Holocene began 11,650 BP. Doing the math, that is c. 9700 BCE.
  2. ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown, but according to Frank Howarth was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last observation is unknown, but possibly before 1923.
  3. ^ This source from 2003 says, that "the last observed date [is] given as unknown but according to Frank Howarth the last collection was more than 80 years ago." Thus, the date of last collection is unknown, but possibly before 1923.

References

  1. ^ Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwander, Jakob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records" (PDF). Journal of Quaternary Science. 24 (1): 3–17. Bibcode:2009JQS....24....3W. doi:10.1002/jqs.1227. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
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allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hawaiian_animals_extinct_in_the_Holocene