Blaže Koneski

Blaže Koneski
Koneski in 1968
Born(1921-12-19)19 December 1921
Nebregovo, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
Died7 December 1993(1993-12-07) (aged 71)
Skopje, Macedonia
CitizenshipMacedonian/Yugoslav/Bulgarian[1]
OccupationsWriter, translator and linguistic scholar

Blaže Koneski (Macedonian and Serbian: Блаже Конески; 19 December 1921 – 7 December 1993) was a Macedonian poet, writer, literary translator, and linguistic scholar, who had a major contribution to the codification of the standard Macedonian language, for which he earned the reputation of father of the Macedonian literary language. He is the key figure who shaped Macedonian literature and intellectual life in the country.[2] During his life and after his death, Koneski has been accused of deliberately serbianizing the Macedonian standard.

Biography

a colour photograph of a house
Blaže Koneski's house in his birthplace, now a memorial house

Early years

Koneski was born on 19 December 1921 in Nebregovo, near Prilep, in the province of South Serbia, part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (current-day North Macedonia), in a pro-Serbian family.[3][4] He belonged to the Ljamevci family, whose Slava (patron saint) was St. Nicholas Day.[5] His maternal uncle, Serbian Chetnik Gligor Sokolović, was one of the champions of Serbian propaganda in Ottoman Macedonia in the early 20th century.[6] According to Koneski himself, his village became oriented towards the Serbian propaganda in the early 20th century and Sokolović was responsible for this shift. However, per Koneski, this shift was not nationally motivated and his family did not raise him as a Serbian, rather he always felt as a Macedonian.[7] Per the Macedonian Bulgarian authors Dragi Dragnev and Kosta Tsarnushanov, Konevski was born as Blagoje Ordan Ljameski or Ljamević in a family that was strongly pro-Serbian and identified as Serbian.[8][9] According to historian Chris Kostov, in his youth, he regarded Serbian as his native language.[10] The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization revolutionary Traycho Chundev described him in his diary as a "Serboman" who insists on the Serbian alphabet.[11]

He studied in his native village and Prilep.[12] After receiving a Royal Serbian scholarship,[12] he studied in the Kragujevac gymnasium or high school in central Serbia.[6] In the gymnasium, he served as the editor of its magazine, wrote Serbian-language poems and completed his secondary education in 1939.[13] When Koneski returned to his native village, he spoke a Serbianized language and was ridiculed for it by the locals, upon that he felt like he betrayed his people and started to re-learn the local dialect.[14] In 1939, he studied medicine at the University of Belgrade, but switched to Slavic philology there in 1940, studying under Aleksandar Belić and Radovan Košutić, among others. In that period, he wrote his first linguistic work devoted to his native Prilep dialect, which was published in 1949.[15] In 1941, after the defeat of Yugoslavia in Aufmarsch 25, and the subsequent Bulgarian rule of Macedonia, he enrolled in the Faculty of Slavic Studies at the Sofia University under the name Blagoy Konev,[4][16] graduating in 1944.[15] After the Bulgarian coup d'état in September 1944, he returned to his native land. In September 1944, Koneski was summoned to the village Gorno Vranovci, where he helped edit the newspaper Mlad Borec (Young Fighter) and translated content.[17] Koneski also began working in the department for communist agitprop at the Main Headquarters of the Macedonian Partisans.[6]

Early codification of Macedonian

See also: Macedonism, Political views on the Macedonian language, and Serbophilia
Monument of Koneski in front of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Skopje
Statue of Koneski on the Art Bridge in Skopje

A Commission for the Establishment of the Macedonian Language, Alphabet and Orthography was tasked with establishing an alphabet and a standardized language, with three linguistic commissions of ASNOM functioning from 1944 to 1945.[18] At the age of 22, he was nominated to join the commission.[6] He was the youngest member of the commission and had the most recent education in Slavic linguistics then.[17] A conflict emerged between Koneski and Venko Markovski.[3] The letter yer divided Markovski and Koneski, which the former supported and the latter opposed.[6] Koneski advocated for the full adoption of the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet.[3][19][20] Slavist Victor Friedman has said that Koneski advocated for the adoption of Serbian Cyrillic on purely linguistic and pedagogical grounds.[21][17] Koneski argued that at the time most Macedonians were educated with this orthography and insisted that any other choice would make them illiterate.[6][22] Most members of the commission wanted to create a distinct Macedonian alphabet.[6] There were long debates over the dorsopalatals kj and gj. Koneski proposed the signs for their Serbian palatal equivalents (ћ and ђ), but other members perceived them as "too Serbian."[6] Vasil Iljoski convinced him that he was being "politically naive" in endorsing the use of Serbian Cyrillic for the dorsopalatal stops on purely linguistic grounds.[17] He participated only in the first day of the conference as he felt that the commission would not produce results and more younger people were needed in it.[17]

According to Chris Kostov, there were heated debates among the members of the commission, where Koneski insisted on the replacement of Bulgarian words with Serbian as much as possible, while Markovski was opposed to this.[10] Per Macedonian revisionist historian Stojan Kiselinovski, Koneski who was from a family which followed Serbian traditional values, engaged in conflict with Markovski whose family nurtured Bulgarian Exarchate traditional values.[23] Much later, in his memoirs, Markovski will depict this conflict as a national one and that he was trying to save the alphabet from total Serbification. However, the stenographic transcripts of the debates show that this opposition was not nationally based, since Markovski, the future pro-Bulgarian and Bulgarian nationalist, even apprised the historical legacy of Krste Misirkov to the other members of the commission. A personal conflict also arose between Koneski and the teacher and linguist Gjorgji Kiselinov as Kiselinov had already developed a project on the Macedonian alphabet and grammar that was not considered by the commission, largely because of Koneski. Kiselinov later also interpreted this conflict as a national one, as he said that he was marginalized by Koneski because his family was pro-Bulgarian, while Koneski's was pro-Serbian.[6]

The first version of the Macedonian alphabet was announced on 28 December 1944. The proposed alphabet was original and introduced special characters.[18] Yer was preserved. Koneski ended up leaving the commission, apparently because he considered the other participants to be "linguistically naive" and insufficiently prepared.[6] The proposal was rejected by ASNOM.[17] In April 1945, the agitprop section of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia invited Koneski, Markovski and Veselinka Malinska to Belgrade. According to the memoirs of Yugoslav politician Milovan Djilas, Koneski's proposals were accepted.[6] On 3 May 1945, a new alphabet proposal was presented to the Macedonian Ministry of Education, which approved it.[18] This proposal was signed by ten people, including Koneski, Markovski and Iljoski.[17] Koneski has been accused of deliberately serbianizing the Macedonian standard.[24][25][26][27] A number of intellectuals considered the Macedonian alphabet as "too Serbified", such as Markovski, Vasil Ivanovski, Pavel Shatev and Panko Brashnarov. However, Koneski made sure to gradually correct errors, limiting the Serbian influence on Macedonian, by creating new words and an original lexicon.[18] Koneski came up with the basic directives for the construction of a Macedonian vocabulary. His innovations were not promptly adopted by all Macedonians. Per Koneski, the newly created words, such as nastan (event) and prašanje (question), were initially perceived as "funny" by people.[6] According to Koneski, opponents of literary Macedonian attempted to negate the influence of codification efforts by accusing them of being "Serbianizing".[17]

Later work

Koneski came up with a new interpretation of national history, distinguishing the Macedonian revival from the Bulgarian revival. Combining the Marxist socioeconomic analytical perspective with the post-romantic national discourse, Koneski sought to de-Bulgarianize history and language, perceiving the Macedonian national consciousness as antagonistic to the Bulgarian national consciousness.[28] In 1945, he worked as a lector in the Macedonian National Theater.[3] As part of the theater, Koneski translated Othello by William Shakespeare, the works by Ivo Andrić and Vjekoslav Kaleb. He also translated poetry from German (works by Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Johann Wolfgang Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Friedrich Hölderlin, Heinrich Heine), Russian (works by Alexander Blok and Vladimir Mayakovsky), Serbo-Croatian (works by Petar Petrović Njegoš and Desanka Maksimović), Czech (works by Karel Jaromir Erben and Jan Neruda), Polish (works by Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Słowacki, Leopold Staff, Julian Tuwim, Tadeusz Różewicz), Slovenian (works by France Prešeren), and Bulgarian (works by Lazar Poptraykov and Nikola Yonkov Vaptsarov).[29] On behalf of the ministry, he was included in a group that was to arrange the establishment of the Faculty of Philosophy.[3][15][13] In 1946, he began working as a lecturer at the Department of Macedonian Language in the newly established Faculty of Philosophy.[3] He was a member of the Macedonian PEN Center, one of the founders of the Macedonian Writers' Association in 1947 and its first president.[12]

After the Tito-Stalin split, the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communist Party criticized the "Serbified language" of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia in 1948. Koneski reacted to the Bulgarian accusations, regarding them as an attack on the Macedonian national identity.[6][30] Bulgarian linguists also started claiming that the Macedonian standard was Serbianized in that period.[31] In 1952, Koneski issued the Phonology of his Grammar of the Macedonian Language. In the same year, Bulgarian linguist Kiril Mirchev tried to prove that Macedonian was part of Bulgarian, but regarded its norm and lexicon as Serbified. Koneski issued a rebuttal in an essay.[18]

In 1952/1953, he served as Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy of Skopje University.[12] In 1957, he became as a full-time professor.[3] Koneski served as the rector of Skopje University from 1958 to 1960. He was the editor of the periodicals Nov den (New day) and Makedonski jazik (Macedonian language). Koneski was an editor of the first Macedonian dictionary, Dictionary of the Macedonian language (Macedonian: Речник на македонскиот јазик), from 1961 to 1966.[32] It also contained Serbo-Croatian translations.[6] According to Slavist Christian Voss, the end of Soviet Union's support for the challenging of standard Macedonian's legitimacy from abroad coincided with the preparation of the Macedonian dictionary published between 1961 and 1966. This dictionary marked the end of the initial period of the implementation of the standard, which was characterized by a nativization of the lexicon, avoiding Serbian and Bulgarian loanwords.[33] Voss has also argued that there has been a pro-Serbian bias in the dictionary.[34] Major works of his include History of the Macedonian Language (Macedonian: Историја на македонскиот јазик; 1965), Grammar of Literary Macedonian (Macedonian: Граматика на македонскиот литературен јазик), and The Macedonian 19th Century: Linguistic and Literary Historical Contributions (1986).[4]

Bulgarian linguists, such as Iliya Talev,[35] have accused Koneski of plagiarizing and falsifying Kiril Mirchev's Historical Grammar of the Bulgarian Language with his History of the Macedonian Language because both authors analyzed the same corpus of texts. Koneski did claim the corpus of texts was linguistically distinct from Bulgarian. Bulgarian philologists also criticized Koneski for ignoring the parallels between Macedonian and Bulgarian. Koneski preferred to compare Macedonian with other Balkan languages, such as Albanian, Modern Greek, Romanian and Aromanian.[6]

He became a member of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts (MANU) in 1967 and served as its first president,[6] until 1975.[4] At MANU, he directed the project Professional and Scientific Terminology of the Macedonian Language.[15] Gradually he earned the reputation as "father of the Macedonian literary language".[6] Koneski was also a corresponding member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Serbian Academy of Sciences, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Polish Academy of Sciences, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Vojvodina Academy of Sciences and Arts.[15] He was also a honorary doctor of the Universities of Chicago, United States, and Kraków, Poland.[15][13] When Koneski visited Chicago in 1969 and received the title of "Doctor Honoris Causa" from a local university, letters of protest were sent to the rector by two Albanian intellectuals from Bitola living in Istanbul, claiming the Macedonian language was invented by the Yugoslav Communists to de-Bulgarianize the local Slavs.[36] Koneski and Božidar Vidoeski were also active in international Slavist networks and expanded Macedonian studies abroad.[6] In attempts to legitimize their point of view on the Macedonian identity and language, the leaders of the Bulgarian Communist Party, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and state had also spread pro-Bulgarian propaganda in international scholarly circles, attempting to prevent the University of Chicago from awarding the honorary degree to Koneski.[6] Friedman mentioned Koneski as one of his mentors.[37] In the 1980s and 1990s, anti-Yugoslav Macedonian nationalists accused Koneski and the communist elite of Serbianizing the Macedonian standard language.[38][34] In turn, they were accused of Bulgarophilia and Serbophobia.[34] By the early 1990s, the right-wing media also made such accusations.[38] From the 1990s, Macedonian historical revisionists, who questioned the narrative established in Communist Yugoslavia,[39] have described the process of codifying Macedonian, to which Koneski was an important contributor, as 'Serbianization'.[26] Koneski died in Skopje, Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia), on 7 December 1993.[32]

Literary works and awards

Koneski wrote poetry and prose. His collections of poetry include: Mostot, Pesni, Zemjata i ljubovta, Vezilka, Zapisi, Cesmite, Stari i novi pesni, Seizmograf, among others. He also wrote a collection of short stories named Vineyard Macedonian: Lozje.[40] His 1948 poem Teškoto (named after the dance Teškoto) is taught in Macedonian elementary schools.[41]

Koneski won a number of literary prizes such as the AVNOJ prize, the Njegoš prize, the Golden Wreath ("Zlaten Venec") of the Struga Poetry Evenings (in 1981), the Award of the Writer's Union of the USSR, Herder Prize (in 1971) and others.[13][42]

Legacy

In December 1993, shortly after Koneski's death, the doyen of Macedonian historians Blaže Ristovski criticized Koneski's alphabet and insisted on its reform, demanding changes in the Macedonian letters described as Bulgarophilic.[27][43] By the late 1990s, writers and journalists, who were close to the VMRO-DPMNE and pro-Bulgarian, made Serbification accusations against him, denouncing the Macedonian national identity in the same way as Bulgaria. They regarded Koneski as a "Serbian agent" and glorified his opponent Markovski.[6] The Faculty of Philology at the University of Skopje was named after him on 26 March 1997.[12] His birthplace has been transformed into a memorial and educational center in North Macedonia.[44]

A Macedonian Historical Dictionary was published, edited by historian Stojan Kiselinovski from Greek Macedonia, which caused a public scandal due to the entry for Koneski, where instead of emphasizing his historical contribution, it simply stated that Koneski "advocated the use of the Serbian alphabet (that of Vuk Karadžić) in Macedonia." According to Bulgarian historian Tchavdar Marinov, it is nearly a taboo topic in North Macedonia to point out the Serbophilia of the Yugoslav Macedonian builders of the Macedonian language and national identity as Koneski, and this is considered there as a pro-Bulgarian act.[30] Per Kostov, the works by him and his contemporaries were based on negative experiences with the Bulgarian authorities.[10] According to Bulgarian academic Milen Mihov, Koneski was involved in cultural debulgarization and the imposition of Yugoslav cultural and political monopoly.[45] Regarding Koneski and the codification process, Marinov wrote:

The fact that Macedonian was largely codified by a single individual–Blaže Koneski– is also not unnatural. Koneski had a number of illustrious precursors elsewhere whose activity had clear political stakes, including Vuk Karadžić (for Serbian and Serbo-Croatian), Aasen (New Norwegian or Nynorsk), Ben Yehuda (Modern Hebrew), Atatürk (Modern Turkish) and Aavik (Estonian). What the simplistic conclusions ignore is that every national language is an ‘artifact’, a result of meta-linguistic intervention that separates the ‘correct’ from the ‘incorrect’. It is a social and cultural reality, constructed through projects and actions that are eminently political.[6]

Bibliography

Poetry and prose

  • Land and Love (poetry, 1948)
  • Poems (1953)
  • The Embroideress (poetry, 1955)
  • The Vineyard (short stories, 1955)
  • Poems (1963)
  • Sterna (poetry, 1966), Hand - Shaking (narrative poem, 1969)
  • Notes (poetry, 1974)
  • Poems Old and New (poetry, 1979)
  • Places and Moments (poetry, 1981)
  • The Fountains (poetry, 1984)
  • The Epistle (poetry, 1987)
  • Meeting in Heaven (poetry, 1988)
  • The Church (poetry 1988)
  • A Diary after Many Years (prose, 1988)
  • Golden Peak (poetry, 1989)
  • Seismograph (poetry, 1989)
  • The Heavenly River (poems and translations, 1991)
  • The Black Ram (poetry, 1993)

Academic and other works

  • Normative Guide with a Dictionary of Standard Macedonian with Krum Tošev (1950)
  • Grammar of Standard Macedonian (volume 1, 1952)
  • Standard Macedonian (1959)
  • A Grammar of Standard Macedonian (volume 2, 1954)
  • Macedonian Dictionary (1961)
  • A History of Macedonian (1965)
  • Macedonian Dictionary (volume 2, edited, 1965)
  • Macedonian Dictionary (volume 3, 1966)
  • The Language of the Macedonian Folk Poetry (1971)
  • Speeches and Essays (1972)
  • Macedonian Textbooks of 19th Century: Linguistic, Literary, Historical Texts (1986)
  • Images and Themes (essays, 1987)
  • The Tikveš Anthology (study, 1987)
  • Poetry (Konstantin Miladinov), the Way Blaze Koneski Reads It (1989)
  • Macedonian Locations and Topics (essays, 1991)
  • The World of the Legend and the Song (essays, 1993)

See also

References

  1. ^ Цанко Серафимов (2004) Енциклопедичен речник за Македония и македонските работи, ISBN 9789544960704, Орбел, стр. 151.
  2. ^ E. Kramer, Christina (2015). "Macedonian orthographic controversies". The Historical Sociolinguistics of Spelling. 18 (2): 287–308. doi:10.1075/wll.18.2.07kra.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Maciej Kawka (2016). Macedonian Discourses: Text Linguistics and Pragmatics. Jagiellonian University Press. pp. 28–31, 35. ISBN 9788323340317.
  4. ^ a b c d Dimitar Bechev (3 September 2019). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia (2nd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 170. ISBN 9781538119624.
  5. ^ Trifunoski, Jovan (1998). Bitoljsko-prilepska kotlina: antropogeografska proučavanja (in Serbian). Belgrade. p. 393.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Roumen Dontchev Daskalov; Tchavdar Marinov (2013). Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume One: National Ideologies and Language Policies. BRILL. pp. 438, 452–455, 458–459, 461–464, 469–470, 475, 481, 483. ISBN 9789004250765.
  7. ^ Andreevski, C. (1991). Razgovori so Koneski (in Macedonian). Skopje: Kultura. p. 76. Пред востанието сите биле заедно, а тогаш почнале тие делења. Е, сега, иако ситуацијата била таква, јас дома никакво воспитание не сум добивал во национална смисла, дека треба да се чувствувам како Србин. Тоа не постоело. Просто, јас колку што можев да разберам, говореа луѓето за Србите, за Бугарите, повеќе за некаква српска партија, бугарска партија. Нас не не воспитуваа во национална смисла така, како што можеби би се претполагало, ако се земе предвид тој настан, таа инклинација кон српската пропаганда на овие села наши и на селата во Порече, по востанието. Така што јас откако сум свесен за себеси, јас се сметам за Македонец. Немало кај мене никакви тука нити тешкотија во тоа осознавање, нити дилема. [Before the uprising, everyone was together, and then those divisions began. Well, now, even though the situation was like that, I didn't receive any upbringing at home in a national sense, that I should feel like a Serb. That didn't exist. Simply, as far as I could understand, people were talking about Serbs, about Bulgarians, more about some Serbian party, Bulgarian party. We weren't raised in a national sense in the way that one might assume, if one takes into account that event, that inclination towards Serbian propaganda in these villages of ours and in the villages in Poreče, after the uprising. So, since I've been aware of myself, I consider myself a Macedonian. There was no difficulty in that realization, no dilemma for me.]
  8. ^ Драгни Драгнев (1998). Скопската икона Блаже Конески, македонски лингвист или сръбски политработник? (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Macedonian Scientific Institute. pp. 7–10. През октомври-ноември 1912 г. от Македония и Западна Тракия бяха оттеглени турските войски. Вардарската част беше окупирана от сърбите. Прикритата дотогава сръбска агентура, макар и малобройна, след пристигането на новите окупатори става много по-активна и по-жестока към многобройните последователи на ВМРО. Легализираните сръбски агенти са поставени в услуга на наказателните сръбски отряди. В акциите за "прочистване" на българското население от по-изявените вемереовци ("бугараши") участват както дядото на Блаже Конески - Коне Лямевич, така и неговият син, бащата на Блаже - Ордан Лямевич. Заради дейността им в побоищата и убийствата и двамата са знаели какво ги очаква, когато през май 1915 г. сръбските войски са прогонени от Македония, и когато се въвежда българска администрация от преживели вемереовски дейци. Дядо Коне е в затвора като сръбски агент. Той очаква смъртната си присъда (този миг от семейната история Конески е "увековечил" в стихотворението "Дедо Коне") [In October–November 1912, Turkish troops were withdrawn from Macedonia and Western Thrace. The Vardar part was occupied by the Serbs. The previously hidden Serbian agents, although small in number, became much more active and cruel to the numerous followers of the IMRO after the arrival of the new occupiers. The legalized Serbian agents were placed in the service of the Serbian punitive detachments. Both Blaže Koneski's grandfather - Kone Ljamevich, and his son, Blaže's father - Ordan Ljamevich participated in the actions to "cleanse" the Bulgarian population of the more prominent pro-Bulgarians ("Bugarashi"). Because of their activity in the beatings and murders, both of them knew what awaited them when in May 1915 the Serbian troops were expelled from Macedonia, and when a Bulgarian administration was introduced by surviving Vemereovites. Grandpa Kone is in prison as a Serbian agent. He awaits his death sentence (this moment in the family history Koneski "immortalized" in the poem "Grandpa Kone").]
  9. ^ Коста Църнушанов (1992). Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него (in Bulgarian). Унив. изд. Климент Охридски, София. p. 409. Да се върнем към произхода на Блаже Конески. Вече изтъкнахме, че той е издънка на едно крайно предателско семейство Лямевци, водило война с ВМОРО. Неговият чичо - ренегатът сърбоман Глигур Соколов- Ляме от с. Небрегово, Прилепско, е бил отначало български, при това върховистки четник в четата на Александър Протогеров. След Илинденското въстание се озовал в Сърбия и там бил буквално купен от шефа на сръбската пропаганда д-р Годжевац, за да работи в полза на сръбската кауза в Македония. И неговият Блаже Конески тръгва по стъпките на чичо си в областта на езика и историята на езика и литературата. [Let's return to the origin of Blazhe Koneski. We have already pointed out that he is the scion of an extremely treacherous Lyamev family, which waged war with the VMORO. His uncle - the renegade Serboman Gligur Sokolov-Lyame from the village of Nebregovo, Prilep region, was originally Bulgarian, and a Verkhovna Rada Chetnik in the detachment of Aleksandar Protogerov. After the Ilinden Uprising, he ended up in Serbia and there he was literally bought by the head of Serbian propaganda, Dr. Godzhevach, to work for the benefit of the Serbian cause in Macedonia. And his Blazhe Koneski follows in his uncle's footsteps in the field of language and the history of language and literature.]
  10. ^ a b c Chris, Kostov (2010). Contested Ethnic Identity: The Case of Macedonian Immigrants in Toronto, 1900-1996. Peter Lang. pp. 12, 85. ISBN 978-3034301961.
  11. ^ Драгни Драгнев (1998). Скопската икона Блаже Конески, македонски лингвист или сръбски политработник? (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Macedonian Scientific Institute. p. 23. В дневника си Чундев е записал: "Един студент, сърбоманин от Прилеп, настоява за сръбска азбука. Или е луд или някой стои зад него..." [In his diary, Chundev wrote: "A student, a Serboman from Prilep, insists on the Serbian alphabet. Either he is crazy or someone is behind him...]
  12. ^ a b c d e "Блаже Конески". Македонска книжевна енциклопедија (автори и дела) (in Macedonian).
  13. ^ a b c d Ristovski, Blaže (2009). Makedonska enciklopedija [Macedonian Encyclopedia] (in Macedonian). MANU. pp. 725–726.
  14. ^ William Bright, ed. (1966). Janua Linguarum Series maior Volume 20. Mouton. p. 295. I was told by Blaže Koneski, the founder of the Macedonian standard language, that as a young boy, returning to his Macedonian native village from the Serbian town where he went to school, he was ridiculed for his Serbianized language. Then he started to re-learn the vernacular to be sure that he did not betray the national feeling of his own people. The formation of such an attitude is a necessary prerequisite to the nationalistic trend of establishing the vernacular as a new standard language.
  15. ^ a b c d e f Stammerjohann, Harro, ed. (2009). Lexicon Grammaticorum: A bio-bibliographical companion to the history of linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 824–825. ISBN 9783484971127.
  16. ^ Angel Djonev (2005). "Две писма на Благой Конев (Блаже Конески)" [Two letters of Blagoy Konev (Blazhe Konevski)]. Makedonski Pregled (in Bulgarian) (2). Macedonian Scientific Institute: 71–76.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h Victor A. Friedman (2011). "The first philological conference for the establishment of the Macedonian alphabet and the Macedonian literary language: Its precedents and consequences". In Joshua A. Fishman (ed.). The Earliest Stage of Language Planning: "The First Congress" Phenomenon. De Gruyter. pp. 166, 169, 170–171, 175. ISBN 9783110848984.
  18. ^ a b c d e Alexis Heraclides (2021). The Macedonian Question and the Macedonians: A History. Routledge. pp. 157–159. ISBN 9780367218263.
  19. ^ Stojan Kiselinovski (2016). "Historical Roots of the Macedonian Language Codification". Central European and Balkan Studies. XXIV: 133–146.
  20. ^ Ulf Brunnbauer (2003). "Serving the Nation: Historiography in the Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) After Socialism". Historein. 4: 172. doi:10.12681/historein.86.
  21. ^ "The next day, 28 November an open conflict broke out between Markovski and Koneski concerning the alphabet, when the latter affirmed: If we adopt the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, our language will remain Macedonian (…) This specifcally deals with the letters: ћ, ђ, љ, њ (…) And, now, what are the reasons for accepting these two symbols: ћ, ђ? There are those who would opine that "tj" and "dj" are characteristic of Slavic languages, which developed in a varied manner in different languages, in Russian: ч, ж, in Serbian: ћ, ђ, and in Bulgarian: щ, жд. But in Macedonian, these characteristics can not be taken into consideration. This change in the Macedonian language has been achieved via the Serbian language (…)" For more see: Maciej Kawka (2016). Macedonian Discourses: Text Linguistics and Pragmatics. Jagiellonian University Press. pp. 29-30.
  22. ^ "Koneski continued: The majority of the Macedonian literate population can use Vuk’s alphabet. If we do not include these letters, many of them will become illiterate. If we introduce 5–6 new letters, many of the people will become illiterate (…) Common people often write "quickly," without using the letter ъ, and this means that they can’t feel it, either. Others, I know a case from Gevgelija, who writes "трагнам" and "барзо" instead of "търгнам" and "бързо" (get off and quick, respectively). This means that their speech includes this ъ and they replace it with the sound closest to it, i.e. they replace it with "a." As I said, I personally consider the vocal r (р) to be absent, because I do not feel it, with lower vibration than the Serbian vocal r (р). Given all the reasons that I presented, I advocate keeping the letters ћ and ђ, in our alphabet and excluding ъ from the written language." For more see: Maciej Kawka (2016). Macedonian Discourses: Text Linguistics and Pragmatics. Jagiellonian University Press. p. 30.
  23. ^ Stojan Kiselinovski (2016). "Historical Roots of the Macedonian Language Codification". Central European and Balkan Studies. XXIV: 137. doi:10.4467/2543733XSSB.16.009.6251.
  24. ^ Alexandra Ioannidou (2015). "Koneski, his successors and the peculiar narrative of a "late standardization" in the Balkans". In Thede Kahl; Johannes Kramer; Elton Prifti (eds.). Romanica et Balcanica: Wolfgang Dahmen zum 65. Geburtstag. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München (AVM). pp. 367–375. ISBN 978-3954770366.
  25. ^ Kronsteiner, Otto, Zerfall Jugoslawiens und die Zukunft der makedonischen Literatursprache : Der späte Fall von Glottotomie? in: Die slawischen Sprachen (1992) 29, 142-171.
  26. ^ a b Tchavdar Marinov (2010). "Historiographical Revisionism and Re-Articulation of Memory in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". Sociétés politiques comparées: 7. The historical rereading was accompanied by revisionism targeting the codification of the Macedonian standard language after 1944, which was described as a deliberate process of linguistic 'Serbization'. See especially the entries on Blaže Koneski, the most important linguistic codifier, in the encyclopedic dictionaries of Stojan Kiselinovski et al., Makedonski istoriski rečnik (Skopje: INI, 2000); Stojan Kiselinovski, Makedonski dejci (XX-ti vek) (Skopje: Makavej, 2002). Cf. the critique of Novica Veljanovski, former chief of the academic Institute of National History in Skopje: "'Objektiviziranjeto' na Stojan Kiselinovski", Utrinski vesnik, January 27, 2003, "Kiselinovski gi politizira istoriskite ličnosti", Utrinski vesnik, January 28, 2003. See also Victor Friedman, "The first philological conference for the establishment of the Macedonian alphabet and the Macedonian literary language: its precedents and consequences", in The Earliest Stage of Language Planning: The "First Congress" Phenomenon, ed. Joshua Fishman (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1993), 159-180
  27. ^ a b Christian Voss (2001). "Sprach- Und Geschichtsrevision in Makedonien: Zur Dekonstruktion von Blaže Koneski". Osteuropa (in German). 51 (8): 953–67. JSTOR 44921774.
  28. ^ Balázs Trencsenyi; Michal Kopeček; Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič; Maria Falina; Mónika Baár (2018). A History of Modern Political Thought in East Central Europe: Volume II, Part II: Negotiating Modernity in the 'Short Twentieth Century' (1968 and Beyond), Volume 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780198829607.
  29. ^ Kujundžiski, Žarko (2003). "Blaže Koneski as Translator and Record Taker of Texts". Blesok (31): 1–2.
  30. ^ a b Tchavdar Marinov (2020). Македонското прашање од 1944 до денес: Комунизмот и национализмот на Балканот (in Macedonian). Фондација Отворено општество - Македонија. pp. 148, 232. ISBN 978-608-218-300-8.
  31. ^ Victor A. Friedman (1998). "The Implementation of Standard Macedonian: Problems and Results" (PDF). International Journal of the Sociology of Language (131): 9–10.
  32. ^ a b Wojciech Roszkowski; Jan Kofman, eds. (2008). Biographical Dictionary of Central and Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. M.E. Sharpe. p. 484. ISBN 9780765610270.
  33. ^ Christian Voss (2016). "The Macedonian Standard Language: Tito—Yugoslav Experiment or Symbol of 'Great Macedonian' Ethnic Inclusion?". In Clare Mar-Molinero; Patrick Stevenson (eds.). Language Ideologies, Policies and Practices: Language and the Future of Europe. Springer. p. 126. ISBN 978-0230523883.
  34. ^ a b c Sebastian Kempgen; Peter Kosta; Tilman Berger; Karl Gutschmidt, eds. (2014). Die slavischen Sprachen / The Slavic Languages. Halbband 2. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 1473–1475. ISBN 9783110215472.
  35. ^ Slavistische Beiträge, Volumes 67–69, Talev, Iliya, Publisher: Sagner, 1973, pp. 154-159.
  36. ^ "Македонските Бугари и Албанците заедно во борбата со југословенскиот комунизам". Tribuna. 5 October 2021.
  37. ^ Victor Friedman (1997). "Пристапни предавања, прилози и библиографија на новите членови на Македонската академија на науките и уметностите" [Opening addresses, contributions and bibliography of the new members of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts] (PDF). Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences (in Macedonian). Skopje. p. 109.
  38. ^ a b Victor A. Friedman (2020). "Language Issues in former Yugoslav Space: A Commentary". Aegean Working Papers in Ethnographic Linguistics. 2 (2): 11. doi:10.12681/awpel.22594.
  39. ^ Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, p. 189.
  40. ^ "Blaže Koneski". Cultural institution Blesok. Archived from the original on 3 December 2007. Retrieved 6 December 2009.
  41. ^ Lisa Gilman; Michael Dylan Foster, eds. (2015). UNESCO on the Ground: Local Perspectives on Intangible Cultural Heritage. Indiana University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9780253019530.
  42. ^ "Blazhe Koneski". Diversity. 22 July 2011. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  43. ^ Кристиан Фос (1 March 2002). "Ревизия на езика и историята в Македония. За деконструкцията на Блаже Конески". Култура (in Bulgarian).
  44. ^ "Спомен-дом "Блаже Конески"". Nova Makedonija (in Macedonian). 30 October 2021.
  45. ^ Milen Mihov (2012). "Bulgaria and the Bulgarians in the ideology of Yugoslav communists". Remembrance in time (PDF). Transilvania University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-606-19-0134-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 May 2014.

Further reading

allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaze_Koneski