Imperial crest of Japan

Imperial crest of Japan
Versions
16 Single-layered chrysanthemum
ArmigerEmperor, emperor emeritus, and inner-court member of the Imperial family
Adopted13th century (de facto)
21 October 1926 (de jure)

The Imperial crest of Japan, most commonly known in English and Japanese as the chrysanthemum crest (菊紋, kikumon) (also known by other names) is the mon, used by the emperor of Japan and members of the Imperial Family.

It is one of the national emblems of Japan and is used in a manner similar to a national coat of arms, such as on Japanese passports.

The 5-7 paulownia was historically the personal crest of the emperor, and as such has also been called an imperial crest.[1][2] It was later adopted by the Japanese government, and it is largely used to represent the prime minister and Cabinet.

Names

The imperial crest is referred to by a number of different names in English. Japanese symbolism developed separately to Western heraldry, and as such mon (紋) can be translated in a number of different ways, however most commonly as crest,[3] but also as badge, emblem, or coat of arms.[note 1] To avoid translation difficulties, mon is sometimes used as a loanword.

It is usually referred to as kikumon (菊紋) in Japanese, which is generally translated as chrysanthemum crest. The chrysanthemum is considered a noble flower,[4] and the 16-petal chrysanthemum is the widely known symbol of the emperor, as such the name of the flower alone can be used to refer to the emperor or imperial family.[a] The name imperial (chrysanthemum) crest can also be used, as well as imperial emblem, imperial coat of arms,[b] imperial (chrysanthemum) mon,[7] or state mon.[8]

In Japanese it is also known as chrysanthemum flower crest (菊花紋, 菊花紋章, kikukamon, kikukamonshō) and imperial chrysanthemum crest (菊の御紋, kikunogomon). In English it is sometimes called the imperial seal, however the kikumon is not a seal, and should not be confused with the actual imperial seals, the privy seal and state seal.

History

During the Meiji period (1868–1912), no one was permitted to use the imperial crest except the Emperor of Japan, who used a 16-petalled chrysanthemum with sixteen tips of another row of petals showing behind the first row. Therefore, each member of the Imperial family used a slightly modified version of the crest. Shinto shrines either displayed the imperial crest or incorporated elements of the crest into their own tag.

Earlier in Japanese history, when Emperor Go-Daigo, who tried to break the power of the shogunate in 1333, was exiled, he adopted the seventeen-petalled chrysanthemum in order to differentiate himself from the Northern Court's Emperor Kōgon, who kept the imperial 16-petalled mon.[citation needed]

Description

The 5-7 paulownia can also be referred to as an imperial crest

The symbol is a yellow or orange chrysanthemum with black or red outlines and background. A central disc is surrounded by a front set of 16 petals. A rear set of 16 petals are half staggered in relation to the front set and are visible at the edges of the flower. An example of the chrysanthemum being used is in the star of the Order of the Chrysanthemum.

Other members of the Imperial Family use a version with 14 single petals, while a form with 16 single petals is used for orders, passports, Diet members' pins, and other items that carry or represent the authority of the Emperor. The Imperial crest is also used on the standards of the Imperial Family.[9]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mon are most similar in function to Western badges or coats of arms, but also have similarities with crests.
  1. ^ for instance, see the Chrysanthemum taboo
  2. ^ It is notably called a coat of arms in Hugo Gerard Ströhl's Heraldischer Atlas,[5] which was later translated by Arthur Fox-Davies in The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory.[6]

References

  1. ^ Hawley, Willis M.; Chappelear, Kei K. (1994). Mon: The Japanese family crest. Frances Seyssel–Hawley. ISBN 0-910704-93-7.
  2. ^ Dower, John W.; Kawamoto, Kiyoshi (1990). The elements of Japanese design: a handbook of family crests, heraldry & symbolism. Weatherhill. ISBN 0834802295.
  3. ^ Goodall, John A.; Heim, Bruno Bernard (2003). "Heraldry". Grove Art Online.
  4. ^ Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. Tokyo: Kodansha. 1993. p. 200. ISBN 4-06-206489-8.
  5. ^ Ströhl, Hugo Gerard (1899). Heraldischer Atlas. Stuttgart: Julius Hoffmann. p. 2.
  6. ^ Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904). The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. p. 443.
  7. ^ Amstutz, Walter, ed. (1994). Japanese emblems and designs. New York: Dover Publications. p. 11. ISBN 0-486-28184-1.
  8. ^ This latter descriptor was mainly used to distinguish from the 5-7 paulownia, which was the personal or private mon of the emperor. For this usage, see: Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1904). The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. p. 5-6.
  9. ^ "皇室儀制令(1926〔大正15〕皇室令第7号)" [Imperial Household Ceremonial Regulations (Year 1926 or the Year 15 of the Taishō era) Imperial Ordinance 7] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on August 9, 2007.
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_and_Imperial_Seal