Foreign relations of Moldova

After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, the Republic of Moldova established relations with other European countries. A course for European Union integration and neutrality define the country's foreign policy guidelines.

In 1995, the country became the first post-Soviet state admitted to the Council of Europe. In addition to its participation in NATO's Partnership for Peace program, Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the World Trade Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the Francophonie and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

In 2005, Moldova and EU established an action plan that sought to improve the collaboration between the two neighboring structures. After the Transnistria War, Moldova sought a peaceful resolution to the Transnistria conflict by working with Romania, Ukraine, and Russia, calling for international mediation, and cooperating with the OSCE and UN fact-finding and observer missions.[1]

Overview

List of countries which Moldova maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[2]
1 Romania 27 August 1991
2 Hungary 16 January 1992
3 United Kingdom 17 January 1992
4 Denmark 20 January 1992
5 China 30 January 1992
6 Mongolia 30 January 1992[3]
7 North Korea 30 January 1992
8 South Korea 31 January 1992
9 Spain 31 January 1992
10 Turkey 3 February 1992
11 Mexico 4 February 1992
12 Bulgaria 5 February 1992
13 Egypt 13 February 1992
14 United States 18 February 1992
15 Canada 20 February 1992
16 Cyprus 21 February 1992
17 Finland 21 February 1992[4]
18 Italy 21 February 1992
19 Ukraine 10 March 1992
20 Belgium 11 March 1992
21 France 11 March 1992
22 Japan 16 March 1992
23 Cuba 17 March 1992
24 India 20 March 1992
25 Austria 25 March 1992
26 Greece 27 March 1992
27 Philippines 30 March 1992
28 Australia 1 April 1992
29 Russia 6 April 1992
30 Guinea 27 April 1992[5]
31 Germany 30 April 1992
32 Iran 11 May 1992
— Holy See 23 May 1992[6]
33 Azerbaijan 29 May 1992
34 Czech Republic 1 June 1992
35 Norway 3 June 1992
36 Vietnam 11 June 1992
37 Burundi 12 June 1992
38 Sweden 12 June 1992
39 South Africa 15 June 1992
40 Israel 16 June 1992[7]
41 Luxembourg 16 June 1992
42 Georgia 25 June 1992
43 Oman 25 June 1992
44 Lithuania 8 July 1992
45 Netherlands 10 July 1992
46 Nigeria 13 July 1992[8]
47 Poland 14 July 1992
48 Armenia 18 July 1992
49 Croatia 28 July 1992
50 Thailand 5 August 1992
51 Ghana 28 August 1992
52 Latvia 1 September 1992
53  Switzerland 2 September 1992
54 New Zealand 11 September 1992
55 Kazakhstan 16 September 1992
56 Turkmenistan 5 October 1992[9]
57 Morocco 8 October 1992
58 Kyrgyzstan 30 October 1992[10]
59 Estonia 10 November 1992
60 Belarus 19 November 1992
61 Sri Lanka 27 November 1992
62 Zimbabwe 9 December 1992
63 Burkina Faso 11 December 1992
64 Pakistan 21 December 1992[11]
65 Albania 23 December 1992
66 Kuwait 11 January 1993
67 Singapore 15 January 1993
68 Tajikistan 26 January 1993
69 Portugal 10 February 1993
70 Indonesia 12 February 1993
71 Panama 15 February 1993[12]
72 Slovakia 16 February 1993
73 Argentina 8 March 1993
74 Malaysia 10 March 1993
75 Guatemala 6 April 1993
76 Chile 12 May 1993
77 Sudan 17 May 1993
78 Syria 20 May 1993
79 Madagascar 17 June 1993[13]
80   Nepal 20 July 1993
81 Brazil 11 August 1993
82 Bangladesh 14 September 1993
83 Zambia 26 October 1993
84 Slovenia 27 October 1993
85 Nicaragua 8 November 1993
86 Bosnia and Herzegovina 18 November 1993
87 Algeria 12 April 1994
88 Lebanon 5 May 1994[14]
89 Iceland 17 May 1994[15]
90 Uzbekistan 23 August 1994
91 Angola 30 September 1994
92 Afghanistan 1 December 1994
93 Libya 9 December 1994
94 North Macedonia 27 January 1995
95 Yemen 27 January 1995
96 Cambodia 10 March 1995
97 Serbia 15 March 1995
98 Peru 11 August 1995
99 United Arab Emirates 21 December 1995
100 Mozambique 17 January 1996
101 Venezuela 25 April 1996
102 Uruguay 14 May 1996
103 Malta 3 July 1996[16]
104 Bolivia 8 July 1996
105 Jamaica 9 July 1996
106 Saudi Arabia 17 July 1996
107 Andorra 9 October 1996
108 Laos 29 May 1997
109 Qatar 13 June 1997
110 Jordan 19 June 1997
111 Colombia 15 October 1997
112 Ireland 30 September 1999
113 Costa Rica 4 May 2000
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta 27 June 2000[17]
114 Mauritius 25 June 2001
115 Liechtenstein 14 August 2001
116 Bahrain 7 April 2004[18]
117 Cape Verde 2 September 2004[18]
118 Mali 27 September 2004[18]
119 Tunisia 27 September 2004
120 San Marino 28 September 2004[18]
121 Brunei 18 October 2006[18]
122 Montenegro 9 March 2007
123 Fiji 7 December 2010
124 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 29 April 2011
125 Paraguay 5 May 2011
126 Monaco 8 September 2011
127 Ecuador 8 November 2011
128 Antigua and Barbuda 18 November 2011
129 Solomon Islands 4 May 2012[18]
130 Tuvalu 8 May 2012[19]
131 Maldives 14 May 2012
132 Mauritania 23 May 2012
133 Dominica 29 May 2012
134 Haiti 7 June 2012
135 Gambia 12 June 2012
136 Samoa 14 June 2012[18]
137 Eswatini 21 March 2013
138 Suriname 5 April 2013
139 Ethiopia 24 June 2013
140 Guyana 12 September 2013
141 El Salvador 24 September 2013
142 Saint Kitts and Nevis 8 September 2017
143 Benin 24 January 2018
144 Cameroon 27 March 2019
145 Grenada 26 June 2019
146 Bahamas 15 November 2019
147 Barbados 10 February 2020
148 Djibouti 9 October 2020
149 Uganda 23 October 2020
150 Saint Lucia 3 March 2021
151 Dominican Republic 30 March 2021
152 Senegal 28 April 2021
153 Palau 6 December 2021
154 Kenya 1 March 2022
155 Belize 3 August 2022
156 Sierra Leone 18 August 2022
157 Trinidad and Tobago 25 May 2023[18]
158 Rwanda 25 January 2024
159 Kiribati 11 September 2024[18]
160 Honduras 15 October 2025[18]
161 Ivory Coast 16 December 2025[18]

Relations with the European Union

Main articles: Moldova–European Union relations and Accession of Moldova to the European Union

Moldova aspires to join the European Union[20] and is implementing its first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) of the EU.[21]

As regards its energy policy, Moldova was an observer to the treaty establishing Energy Community from the outset (2006). Following its interest in full membership, the European Commission was mandated to carry out negotiations with Moldova in 2007. In December 2009, the Energy Community Ministerial Council decided on the accession, but made it conditional to amendment of Moldova's gas law.[22] Moldova joined the Energy Community as a full-fledged member in March 2010.[23]

Relations with NATO

Wörner and Snegur signing PfP on 16 March 1994
Main article: Moldova–NATO relations

NATO relations with Moldova date back to 1992, when the country joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council. Moldova works alongside NATO allies and partner countries in a wide range of areas through the Partnership for Peace and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council.

Relations with post-Soviet states

The Moldovan Parliament approved the country's membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States and the CIS charter on economic union in April 1994. Moldova however has never participated in any military aspects of CIS, citing its neutral status.

In 1998, Moldova contributed to the founding of GUAM, a regional cooperation agreement made up of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova. Although the agreement initially included a declaration of mutual defense, Moldova has since declared its disinterest in participating in any GUAM-based mutual defense initiative.

Russia continues to maintain a military presence in the Transnistrian region of Moldova, despite previous agreements with Moldova and within OSCE and CAF to withdraw its troops and ammunition.

Moldova was granted Observer Status in the Russian-led Eurasian Union in April 2017.[24]

Relations with Transnistria

Main article: Transnistria

The territory of Moldova includes the separatist Transnistria region. Transnistria had a particularly large non-Moldovan population (about 60%) and broke away from Moldova less than a year after Moldova became independent at the fall of the Soviet Union. The Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic controls main part of this region, and also the city of Bender and its surrounding localities on the west bank. The international diplomatic situation with respect to the question of Transnistria determines and is determined by Moldova's relations with Russia. Russia, Ukraine, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, EU, and United States are involved at different degrees in the conflict resolution.

Relations with the United Kingdom

On 20 November 2024, Moldova and the United Kingdom signed a Defence and Security Partnership.[25]

Bilateral relations

Multilateral

Organization Formal Relations Began Notes
Council of Europe Moldova joined the Council of Europe as a full member on 13 July 1995.
European Union See Moldova–European Union relations
NATO See Moldova–NATO relations

Africa

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
Chile 12 May 1993
  • Chile is accredited to Moldova from it embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to Chile.[26]
Guatemala 6 April 1993
  • Guatemala is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.[27]
  • Moldova does not have an accreditation to Guatemala.
Mexico 14 January 1992
  • Mexico is accredited in Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania and maintains an honorary consulate in Chișinău.[28]
  • Moldova is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[29]
United States 18 February 1992 See Moldova–United States relations

The United States recognized the independence of Moldova on 25 December 1991, and opened an embassy in its capital, Chișinău, in March 1992. A trade agreement providing reciprocal most-favored-nation tariff treatment became effective in July 1992. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement, which encourages U.S. private investment by providing direct loans and loan guarantees, was signed in June 1992. A bilateral investment treaty was signed in April 1993. A generalized system of preferences status was granted in August 1995, and some Eximbank coverage became available in November 1995.

U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry made a visit to Moldova in December 2013 to support the former Soviet republic's pro-Western moves in the face of Russian pressure.

The United States remains committed to the 5+2 format as a means to resolving the Transnistria conflict. The United States supports a comprehensive settlement that affirms Moldova's sovereignty and territorial integrity, while providing a special status for Transnistria.

  • Moldova has an embassy in Washington, D.C..
  • United States has an embassy in Chișinău.

See also: Embassy of the United States to Moldova and Embassy of Moldova, Washington, D.C.

Asia

Country Formal relations began Notes
China 30 January 1992 See China–Moldova relations
  • China has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Beijing.
India 20 March 1993 See India–Moldova relations
  • India is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania
  • Moldova is accredited to India through its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan.[30]
Israel 22 June 1992 See Israel–Moldova relations
  • Israel is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
Kazakhstan 16 September 1992
  • Moldova has an embassy in Astana.[31]
  • Kazakhstan has a consulate-general in Chișinău.
Turkey 3 February 1992 See Moldova–Turkey relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Both countries are full members of BSEC.
  • Speaking in Comrat in August 2018 when referencing the country's allies, President Igor Dodon said "we have friends who are close to Gagauzia, and I believe to Moldova, as well, they are Russia and Turkey."[32]

Europe

Country Formal relations began Notes
Albania 23 December 1992 See Albania–Moldova relations
Austria 25 March 1992 See Austria–Moldova relations
Belarus 19 November 1992 See Belarus–Moldova relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Belarus and Moldova were established on 19 November 1992. That same year, an agreement on friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries was signed.
  • Belarus has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Minsk.
  • The first official Moldovan visit to Minsk was by Petru Lucinschi in June 2000.[33] Nicolae Timofti later visited in October 2013,[34] July 2015[35] and October 2016,[36] and was followed in July 2017 by Igor Dodon.[37]
  • List of Ambassadors of Moldova in Belarus: Nicolae Dudău (1998-2001),[38] Gheorghe Hioară (2010-2017),[39][40] Victor Sorocean (2017–Present)[41]
Bulgaria 5 February 1992
Cyprus 21 February 1992 See Cyprus–Moldova relations
Czech Republic 1 June 1992 See Czech Republic–Moldova relations
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Chișinău
  • Moldova has an embassy in Prague.
Denmark 20 January 1992 See Denmark–Moldova relations
  • Denmark has an embassy in Chișinău.
  • Moldova is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands.
Estonia 10 November 1992 See Estonia–Moldova relations
Finland 26 February 1992 See Finland–Moldova relations
  • Finland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova is accredited to Finland from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
Georgia 25 June 1992 See Georgia–Moldova relations
Germany 30 April 1992 See Germany–Moldova relations
Greece 27 March 1992 See Greece–Moldova relations
  • Diplomatic relations between Greece and Moldova were established 27 March 1992 after the collapse of the Soviet Union
  • Greece is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Athens.
Italy 21 February 1992 See Italy–Moldova relations
Latvia 1 September 1992
  • Latvia has an embassy in Chișinău.[44]
  • Moldova has an embassy in Riga.
Netherlands 10 July 1993 See Moldova–Netherlands relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy office in Chișinău.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe.
North Macedonia 27 January 1995 See Moldova–North Macedonia relations
Poland 14 July 1992 See Moldova–Poland relations
Portugal 10 February 1993 See Moldova–Portugal relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
Romania 27 August 1991 See Moldova–Romania relations

Moldova's relations with its western neighbour, Romania, have been stressed since 1994. Today's Moldova (without Transnistria) and parts of the old Bassarabia Governorate currently in Ukraine, were part of Romania during the interwar period (1918–40). Linguists generally agree that the Moldovan language is in fact identical with Romanian.[citation needed] However, Moldovans have been ambivalent about whether they consider themselves Romanians or Moldovans. Early signs that Romania and Moldova might unite after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule quickly faded. Romania remains interested in Moldovan affairs, especially that country's civil conflict with the breakaway republic of Transnistria. However, the two countries have been unable to reach agreement on a basic bilateral treaty; Romania is insistent (against determined Moldovan resistance) that such a treaty would have to refer to Romania and Moldova's 'special relationship'. Beginning in 1994, the two countries enjoyed a visa-free arrangement that ended on 1 January 2007, with Romania's entry into the European Union. This prompted many Moldovan citizens to apply for Romanian citizenship.[45]

  • Moldova has an embassy in Bucharest and a consulate-general in Iași. .
  • Romania has an embassy in Chișinău and consulates-general in Bălți and Cahul.
Russia 6 April 1992 See Moldova–Russia relations

Relations between Moldova and Russia deteriorated in November 2003 over a Russian proposal for the solution of the Transnistria conflict, which Moldovan authorities refused to accept. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022, Moldova adopted a more cautious and critical stance toward Russia, condemning the aggression and aligning more closely with the European Union.

  • Moldova has an embassy in Moscow.
  • Russia has an embassy in Chișinău.
Serbia 15 March 1995 See Moldova–Serbia relations
  • Moldova is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Serbia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Moldova strongly supports Serbia's stance on Kosovo.[46][47]
Slovenia 27 October 1993 See Moldova–Slovenia relations
  • Moldova is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary.
  • Slovenia is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and the Francophonie.
Spain 31 January 1992 See Moldova–Spain relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
Sweden 12 June 1992 See Moldova–Sweden relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden has an embassy in Chișinău
 Switzerland 2 September 1992 See Moldova–Switzerland relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Geneva.
  • Switzerland is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Kyiv, Ukraine.
Ukraine 10 March 1992 See Moldova–Ukraine relations
  • Moldova has an embassy in Kyiv and a consulate-general in Odesa.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Chișinău and a consulate in Bălți.
United Kingdom 17 January 1992 See Moldova–United Kingdom relations
Foreign Secretary James Cleverly with Moldovan President Maia Sandu in Church House, May 2023.

Moldova established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 17 January 1992.[48]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, the International Criminal Court, the OSCE, the United Nations, the World Health Organization, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,[51] a Double Taxation Convention,[52] and a Strategic Partnership, Trade and Cooperation Agreement.[53]

See also

  • Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
    Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the United Nations
  • Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE
    Moldovan stamp commemorating membership in the OSCE

References

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Further reading

  • Baltag, Dorina. "EU external representation post-Lisbon: the performance of EU diplomacy in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine." The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 13.1 (2018): 75-96. online
  • Baltag, Dorina. "Practice and performance: EU diplomacy in Moldova, Ukraine and Belarus after the inauguration of the European External Action Service, 2010–2015" (Diss. Loughborough University, 2018.) online
  • Cozma, Artur. "The Diplomacy of the Republic of Moldova during 1944-2001." (2007). online Archived 9 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  • Del Medico, Nicola. "A Black Knight in the Eastern Neighbourhood? Russia and EU Democracy Promotion in Armenia and Moldova." (EU Diplomacy Paper No. 7) (2014). online
  • Ejova, Cristina, and Anastasia Eșanu. "Public diplomacy of the European Union and its reflection in the Republic of Moldova." Moldoscopie 92.1 (2021): 43-53. online
  • Löwenhardt, John. "The OSCE, Moldova and Russian diplomacy in 2003." Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 20.4 (2004): 103-112.
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Moldova_relations