In genetics, paternal mtDNA transmission and paternal mtDNA inheritance refer to the incidence of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) being passed from a father to his offspring. Paternal mtDNA inheritance is observed in a small proportion of species; in general, mtDNA is passed unchanged from a mother to her offspring,[1] making it an example of non-Mendelian inheritance. In contrast, mtDNA transmission from both parents occurs regularly in certain bivalves.

In animals

Paternal mtDNA inheritance in animals varies. For example, in Mytilidae mussels, paternal mtDNA "is transmitted through the sperm and establishes itself only in the male gonad."[2][3][4] In testing 172 sheep, "The Mitochondrial DNA from three lambs in two half-sib families were found to show paternal inheritance."[5] An instance of paternal leakage resulted in a study on chickens.[6] There has been evidences that paternal leakage is an integral part of mitochondrial inheritance of Drosophila simulans.[7]

In humans

unaffected mother and affected father leads to all unaffected children, affected mother and unaffected father leads to all affected children
Mitochondrial Inheritance Patterns

In human mitochondrial genetics, there is debate over whether or not paternal mtDNA transmission is possible. Many studies hold that paternal mtDNA is never transmitted to offspring.[8] This thought is central to mtDNA genealogical DNA testing and to the theory of mitochondrial Eve. The fact that mitochondrial DNA is maternally inherited enables researchers to trace maternal lineage far back in time. Y chromosomal DNA, paternally inherited, is used in an analogous way to trace the agnate lineage.

In protozoa

Some organisms, such as Cryptosporidium, have mitochondria with no DNA whatsoever.[23]

In plants

In plants, it has also been reported that mitochondria can occasionally be inherited from the father, e.g. in bananas. A recent study further demonstrated that paternal mitochondrial transmission also occurs in Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco), where paternal mitochondria are able to rescue plant growth and developmental defects caused by mutant mitochondria inherited from the mother[24]. Some Conifers also show paternal inheritance of mitochondria, such as the coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Birky, C. William (2001-12-01). "The Inheritance of Genes in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts: Laws, Mechanisms, and Models". Annual Review of Genetics. 35 (1): 125–148. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090231. ISSN 0066-4197. PMID 11700280.
  2. ↑ Zouros E (December 2000). "The exceptional mitochondrial DNA system of the mussel family Mytilidae". Genes Genet. Syst. 75 (6): 313–8. doi:10.1266/ggs.75.313. PMID 11280005.
  3. ↑ Sutherland B, Stewart D, Kenchington ER, Zouros E (1 January 1998). "The fate of paternal mitochondrial DNA in developing female mussels, Mytilus edulis: implications for the mechanism of doubly uniparental inheritance of mitochondrial DNA". Genetics. 148 (1): 341–7. doi:10.1093/genetics/148.1.341. PMC 1459795. PMID 9475744.
  4. ↑ Male and Female Mitochondrial DNA Lineages in the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Species Group Archived 2006-09-13 at the Wayback Machine by Donald T. Stewart, Carlos Saavedra, Rebecca R. Stanwood, Amy 0. Ball, and Eleftherios Zouros
  5. ↑ Zhao X, Li N, Guo W, et al. (October 2004). "Further evidence for paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA in the sheep (Ovis aries)". Heredity. 93 (4): 399–403. Bibcode:2004Hered..93..399Z. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800516. PMID 15266295.
  6. ↑ Michelle Alexander; Simon Y. W. Ho; Martyna Molak; Ross Barnett; Örjan Carlborg; Ben Dorshorst; Christa Honaker; Francois Besnier; Per Wahlberg; Keith Dobney; Paul Siegel; Leif Andersson; Greger Larson (September 30, 2015). "Mitogenomic analysis of a 50-generation chicken pedigree reveals a rapid rate of mitochondrial evolution and evidence for paternal mtDNA inheritance". Biology Letters. 11 (10) 20150561. The Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0561. PMC 4650172. PMID 26510672.
  7. ↑ J N Wolff; M Nafisinia; P Sutovsky; J W O Ballard (September 2012). "Paternal transmission of mitochondrial DNA as an integral part of mitochondrial inheritance in metapopulations of Drosophila simulans". Heredity. 110 (1): 57–62. doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.60. PMC 3522233. PMID 23010820.
  8. ↑ e.g. Giles RE, Blanc H, Cann HM, Wallace DC (November 1980). "Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77 (11): 6715–9. Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.6715G. doi:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6715. PMC 350359. PMID 6256757.
  9. ↑ Ember, Melvin; Ember, Carol R., eds. (2004). Encyclopedia of Medical Anthropology: Health and Illness in the World's Cultures. Vol. 1. Cultures. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. ISBN 978-0-306-47754-6.
  10. ↑ Sutovsky P, Moreno RD, Ramalho-Santos J, Dominko T, Simerly C, Schatten G (November 1999). "Ubiquitin tag for sperm mitochondria". Nature. 402 (6760): 371–2. doi:10.1038/46466. PMID 10586873. S2CID 205054671.
  11. 1 2 Ladoukakis ED, Eyre-Walker A (October 2004). "Evolutionary genetics: direct evidence of recombination in human mitochondrial DNA". Heredity. 93 (4): 321. Bibcode:2004Hered..93..321L. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800572. PMID 15329668.
  12. ↑ evolutionary biologist Andrew Merriwether quoted in Debunking a myth about sperm's DNA. (research indicates paternal mitochondrial DNA does enter fertilized egg)[link removed] by John Travis, Science News, 1/25/1997
  13. ↑ Mitochondria can be inherited from both parents", New Scientist article on Schwartz and Vissing's report;
    Schwartz M, Vissing J (August 2002). "Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (8): 576–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020350. PMID 12192017.
  14. ↑ "Mitochondria can be inherited from both parents".
  15. ↑ Ankel-Simons F, Cummins JM (November 1996). "Misconceptions about mitochondria and mammalian fertilization: Implications for theories on human evolution". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (24): 13859–63. Bibcode:1996PNAS...9313859A. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.24.13859. PMC 19448. PMID 8943026.
  16. ↑ Awadalla P, Eyre-Walker A, Smith JM (December 1999). "Linkage disequilibrium and recombination in hominid mitochondrial DNA" (PDF). Science. 286 (5449): 2524–5. doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2524. PMID 10617471.
  17. ↑ Strauss E (December 1999). "Human genetics. mtDNA shows signs of paternal influence". Science. 286 (5449): 2436a–2436. doi:10.1126/science.286.5449.2436a. PMID 10636798. S2CID 82748115.
  18. ↑ Luo, Shiyu; Valencia, C. Alexander; Zhang, Jinglan; Lee, Ni-Chung; Slone, Jesse; Gui, Baoheng; Wang, Xinjian; Li, Zhuo; Dell, Sarah (2018-11-21). "Biparental Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (51): 13039–13044. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11513039L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1810946115. PMC 6304937. PMID 30478036.
  19. ↑ Schwartz M, Vissing J (2002). "Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (8): 576–80. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa020350. PMID 12192017.
  20. 1 2 Bandelt HJ; Kong QP; Parson W & Salas A. (May 27, 2005). "More evidence for non-maternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA?". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 42 (12): 957–60. doi:10.1136/jmg.2005.033589. PMC 1735965. PMID 15923271.
  21. ↑ Re: Most-recent common ancestor, rastafarispeaks.com
  22. ↑ Luo, Shiyu; Valencia, C. Alexander; Zhang, Jinglan; Lee, Ni-Chung; Slone, Jesse; Gui, Baoheng; Wang, Xinjian; Li, Zhuo; Dell, Sarah; Brown, Jenice; Chen, Stella Maris (2018-11-26). "Biparental Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA in Humans". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (51): 13039–44. Bibcode:2018PNAS..11513039L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1810946115. PMC 6304937. PMID 30478036.
  23. ↑ Henriquez FL, Richards TA, Roberts F, McLeod R, Roberts CW (February 2005). "The unusual mitochondrial compartment of Cryptosporidium parvum". Trends Parasitol. 21 (2): 68–74. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2004.11.010. PMID 15664529.
  24. ↑ Gonzalez-Duran, Enrique; Liang, Zizhen; Forner, Joachim; Kleinschmidt, Dennis; Wang, Weiqi; Jiang, Liwen; Chung, Kin Pan; Bock, Ralph (2026-03-03). "High-frequency biparental inheritance of plant mitochondria upon chilling stress and loss of a genome-degrading nuclease". Nature Plants: 1–12. doi:10.1038/s41477-026-02242-7. ISSN 2055-0278.
  25. ↑ de Jong, Tom J.; Shmida, Avi (2024-06-13). "Paternal Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA May Lead to Dioecy in Conifers". Acta Biotheoretica. 72 (2): 7. doi:10.1007/s10441-024-09481-1. ISSN 1572-8358. PMC 11176109. PMID 38869631.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_mtDNA_transmission