↑The ⟨ng⟩ cluster in Tagalog is treated as a singular phoneme, being a singular Baybayin character. The medial "ng" sound in other languages such as linger are spelled as the cluster "ngg". Outside the country, both spelling patterns are also observed in the Romanization of Korean.
123The /r/ phoneme is generally an alveolar rhotic that varies freely between [ɾ], [r] and [ɹ], and it exists as a distinct phoneme mostly in loanwords.
↑For native words, /ɾ/ is normally a flapped form of /d/. The two phonemes were separated with the introduction of the Latin script during the Spanish era.
↑Some local speakers read ts as /tʃ/ except for tatsulok.
12/f/ and /v/ are usually pronounced by younger speakers, who tend to have English-leaning pronunciations. Others would replace for these phonemes with /p/ and /b/, respectively, in a fashion similar to fortition.
↑/z/ is sometimes an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants like in Spanish, but in Tagalog, it also sometimes happens after voiced consonants.
↑/a/ is normally pronounced as a central vowel [ä], which is between English cat and father. However, the front variant [a], which is closer to cat may also be used.
↑/a/ is relaxed to [ɐ] in unstressed positions and also occasionally in stressed positions in words such as (Inang Bayan[iˈnɐŋˈbɐjɐn]); in most situations, /a/ is relaxed to [ɐ] in unstressed final syllables across word boundaries.
12[ɛ] usually exists in slow or formal speech and may become a mid [ɛ̝] or close mid [e] in normal speech.
↑“i” is sometimes unstressed and it turns into an “e”.[e]
↑[e,o] are allophones of /i,u/ in final syllables, but they are distinct phonemes in some native words and English and Spanish loanwords.
123[ɪ,ʊ] are allophones of /i,u/ and sometimes /e,o/ (the latter for English and Spanish loanwords) in unstressed initial and medial syllables. See Tagalog phonology#Vowels and semivowels.
↑An allophone of [o] used in stressed syllables or interjections.
