The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Sardinian language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Sardinian phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of the language.

Consonants
IPA ExamplesEnglish approximation
b baca, bia, bàbaru bike
β abauditu, ebreu, nebodaza[1] between baby and bevy
d dormi, sardu, doadura, (Logudorese) andalibeni done
dz acasazare, pranzu, cazare between buds and budge
dʒ gioba, Barbagia, culingiosso, panagèlicu budge
ɖ abbaraddadu, mundu, cherveddu [keɾˈveɖːu]ⓘ[2] dine (Indian English)
ð abbacada, cantat [ˈkantaða], a therga[1] this
f foras, ufanu fast
ɡ gabbia, gherra, ghia, sangrau, fogu gas
ɣ buttega, sa gherra, arcu ’e chelu[1] like go, but without completely blocking air flow on the g
k corsía, àlpaca, chelu, cuadra, bruke, piachente[3] scar
l levantinu, abbalaucadu[2] lip
ʎ brigliaju, origlietas, bragliosu, contissigliu[2] roughly like million
m meledada, mamudinu, acampàda[2][4] mother
ɱ cunforma[4] some value
n nebodaza, energía[2] nest
ŋ síncheru, abbiènghidu[4] sing
ɲ apitzigàgnulu, gnagnajolu[2] roughly like canyon
ɳ afandare, mundu roughly like corndog
p pabasolu, písiri, splajare, ’alvispaltu spin
ɾ carena, dijimire atom (American English)
r rasada, ferrutzos trilled r
s secada, stantes, dilmissu between sip and ship
ʃ scelestu, lescenscia, balascios, isciri ship
t taneddu, àteu star
ts (Logudorese) tzacare, tzarra, catzare, Tzitzeddu, (Campidanese) tzaccau, tzitadi between cats and catch
tʃ ciabbata, cedda, cibbu, ciacosu, celibbadu catch
θ althrolitu, furrithu, tharalau, atheddina, istathu thin
v vacada, servu, jurafalzu, sa faína[1] vent
z casara, ixemplu, stantes [ˈstantɛzɛ], su sole[1] between zone and genre
ʒ (Logudorese) abbajocada, ajozi, conjugadu, ojos, (Campidanese) paxi, axedu, dexi genre
ʔ pacu, connòschere, sa pache, sa luna[5] getting (Cockney)
Vowels
IPA ExamplesEnglish approximation
a Arba, areddare, àteru, proiàt roughly like father
e meri, panagèlicu, ghèneru[6] roughly like pay
ɛ xena, lèghere, isdentadu bed
i filu, síncheru, paxi, ixemplu see
o ogru, còtzula, abbaosu[6] law (British English)
ɔ connòschere, ogros, cando off
u domu, úrtima tool
 
Semivowels
j eja, (Logudorese) gioja,[7] calzulaieddu,[8] (Campidanese) Sardinnia[9] you
w (Campidanese) àcua, língua[10] way
 
Suprasegmentals
IPA ExamplesExplanation
ˈ cantat [ˈkantaða] primary stress
ˌ propiamente [ˌpɾopi.aˈmɛntɛ] secondary stress
. via [ˈvi.a] syllable break
ː fillu [ˈfilːu] geminated consonant[2]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Phonemic /b/, /d/, /ɡ/ between vowels are usually realized as [β], [ð], [ɣ], and sometimes even omitted, in a process known as lenition. Lenition to [β], [ð], [ɣ], [v], [z] (but not omission) also normally occurs for initial /p/, /t/ or /θ/, /k/, /f/, /s/ after a word ending in a vowel, with the exception of a few "strong" words: e.g. [pɾɔ ˈvaɣɛɾɛ] 'in order to do' but [pɾɔ nɔ ˈfaɣɛɾɛ] 'in order not to do' (compare syntactic gemination in Italian and other Romance languages).
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Gemination, here represented by ⟨ː⟩, is only distinctive for the pairs /l, lː/, /m, mː/ and /n, nː/, and only occurs after a vowel, where it also occurs for [ɖː], [ʎː] and [ɲː] (the latter two being common realizations of /lːj/ and /nːj/, respectively).
  3. ↑ Usually, /k/ is written down following either the Italian style (by using ⟨ch⟩ before e and i: e.g. anchilla, chelu, chena, chi, etc.), the Byzantine style (by using ⟨k⟩: e.g. ankilla, kelu, kena, ki, etc.) or (now rare) the Spanish style (by using ⟨qu⟩ before e and i: e.g. anquilla, quelu, quena, qui, etc.).
  4. 1 2 3 Nasal consonants always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Thus, the n in /nɡ/~/nk/ is velar [ŋ], but before /v/ or /f/, it is labiodental [ɱ]. It is [m] only before /p/, /b/ or /m/ and [ɳ] before /ɖ/.
  5. ↑ Glottal stops usually occur for intervocalic /k/ in some dialects of Barbagia, and for intervocalic /l/ and /n/ in some dialects of Sarrabus.
  6. 1 2 /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ are realized as [e] and [o], respectively, if the following syllable contains /i/, /u/, a palatal, or another occurrence of [e] or [o]. This is not the case if said /i/ or /u/ results from a historical /ɛ/ or /ɔ/.
  7. ↑ One of the cases in which the grapheme ⟨j⟩ does not represent the sound [ʒ].
  8. ↑ A rare case, using the grapheme ⟨i⟩, normally representing a full vowel /i/.
  9. ↑ Phonetically transcribed as [saɾˈdinːja], as opposed to Sardigna in Logudorese, transcribed as [saɾˈdiɲːa]. In Campidanese this semivowel is more usual.
  10. ↑ Campidanese preserved the Latin /kw/ and /ɡw/ sequences, which merged into /b/ in Logudorese. Elsewhere, /w/ is only present in some rare diphthongs and/or loanwords.

Further reading

  • Wagner, Max Leopold (1989) [1957]. Dizionario Etimologico Sardo (in Italian). Trois.
  • Blasco Ferrer, Eduardo (1994). ELLO ELLUS, grammatica della lingua sarda (in Italian). Nuoro (Sardinia): Poliedro Edizioni.
  • Blasco Ferrer, Eduardo (2007). Sardo e italiano a confronto. CUEC.
  • Mura, Riccardo; Virdis, Maurizio (2015). Caratteri e strutture fonetiche, fonologiche e prosodiche della lingua sarda. Il sintetizzatore vocale SINTESA (in Italian). Condaghes.
  • Puddu, Mario (2015) [2000]. Ditzionàriu de sa limba e de sa cultura sarda (in Sardinian). Condaghes.

See also

allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian