India was the seventh country to develop nuclear weapons. As of 2026, India is estimated to possess 190 nuclear weapons.[3] India previously developed chemical weapons, and is a party to the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention. India is one of four states widely believed to possess nuclear weapons that are not a party to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

India operates a nuclear triad, consisting of approximately 80 Prithvi-II and Agni-series ballistic missiles from short to intercontinental range, 48 Mirage 2000H and Jaguar IS fighter-bombers, and 24 Sagarika submarine-launched ballistic missiles aboard two Arihant-class submarines. India is developing multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle-capable land and submarine-based ballistic missiles.[4]

India maintains a no first use nuclear policy and credible minimum deterrence doctrine.[5][6][7] Its no first use is qualified in that while India states it generally will not use nuclear weapons first, it may do so in the event of "a major attack against India, or Indian forces anywhere, by biological or chemical weapons."[5]

In 1974, India conducted the Smiling Buddha nuclear test. In 1998, India carried out the Operation Shakti series of nuclear weapon tests.[8] It is unclear if India has developed boosted fission or thermonuclear weapons.[4] Initially, India's primary strategic concern was a conflict with China, while modern Indian policy focuses on potential conflict with Pakistan, which developed its own nuclear capability in 1983.[9][10] India is not a party to the NPT and has not signed Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, considering both treaties flawed and discriminatory.[11] India is the only non-NPT state to receive a waiver from the Nuclear Suppliers Group, allowing international nuclear industry commerce since 2008.

India previously declared 1,044 tons of sulfur mustard in 1997, and destroyed its stockpile by 2009, one of the seven countries to meet the OPCW extended deadline.[12] India also participates in the Missile Technology Control Regime, Australia Group, and Hague Code of Conduct.

Biological weapons

India has ratified the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) and pledges to abide by its obligations since 1974. There is no clear evidence, circumstantial or otherwise, that directly points toward an offensive biologicial weapons programme.[13] India does possess the scientific capability and infrastructure to launch an offensive biological programme.[13] In terms of delivery, India also possesses the capability to produce aerosols and has numerous potential delivery systems ranging from crop dusters to sophisticated ballistic missiles.[13]

No information exists in the public domain suggesting interest by the India in the delivery of biological agents by these or any other means.[13] To reiterate the latter point, in October 2002, then-Indian president Abdul Kalam asserted that "India will not make biological weapons. It is cruel to human beings".[13]

Chemical weapons

In 1992, India signed the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), becoming one of the original signatories of the CWC in 1993, and ratified it on 2 September 1996.[14]

In 1980, India established its chemical weapons programme,[15] and officially notified Pakistan in 1992 of its intention of destroying its inventory of harmful chemical agents.[16][15] In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons (1,045 tonnes (2,304,000 lb) of sulphur mustard).[17][18] By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons and material stockpile and was granted an extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame.[17]

India informed the OPCW and the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention, making it the third country, after South Korea and Albania, to do so.[19][20] Verification was completed by the chemical weapons inspectors of the United Nations.[21] The policy change on the chemical weapons was largely influenced from the views of former Indian army chief General Sundarji that a country having the capability of making nuclear weapons does not need to have chemical weapons, since the dread of chemical weapons could be created only in countries that do not have nuclear weapons.[22] : 403  Others suggested that the fact that India has found chemical weapons dispensable highlighted its confidence in the conventional weapons system at its command.

India has an advanced commercial chemical industry, and produces the bulk of its chemicals for domestic consumption. It is also widely acknowledged that India has an extensive civilian chemical and pharmaceutical industry and annually exports considerable quantities of chemicals to countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Taiwan.[23]

Nuclear weapons

As early as 26 June 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru, soon to be India's first Prime Minister, announced:

International response

India is not a signatory to either the NPT or the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) but did accede to the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in October 1963. Journalist, conspiracy theorist,[92][93] and holocaust denier[94] Gregory Douglas claims CIA officer Robert Crowley told him in an interview in 1993 that India's pursuit of the programme disturbed the United States and that the CIA assassinated Prime Minister Shastri and Homi Bhabha in 1966.[95][96][97] India is a member of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and four of its 17 nuclear reactors are subject to IAEA safeguards. India announced its lack of intention to accede to the NPT as late as 1997 by voting against the paragraph of a General Assembly Resolution[98] which urged all non-signatories of the treaty to accede to it at the earliest possible date.[99] India voted against the UN General Assembly resolution endorsing the CTBT, which was adopted on 10 September 1996. India objected to the lack of provision for universal nuclear disarmament "within a time-bound framework." India also demanded that the treaty ban laboratory simulations. In addition, India opposed the provision in Article XIV of the CTBT that requires India's ratification for the treaty to enter into force, which India argued was a violation of its sovereign right to choose whether it would sign the treaty. In early February 1997, Foreign Minister I. K. Gujral reiterated India's opposition to the treaty, saying that "India favors any step aimed at destroying nuclear weapons, but considers that the treaty in its current form is not comprehensive and bans only certain types of tests."

In August 2008, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) approved a safeguards agreement with India under which the former will gradually gain access to India's civilian nuclear reactors.[100] In September 2008, the Nuclear Suppliers Group granted India a waiver to access civilian nuclear technology and fuel from other countries.[101] The implementation of this waiver makes India the only known country with nuclear weapons which is not a party to the NPT but is still allowed to carry out nuclear commerce with the rest of the world.[102][103]

Since the implementation of the NSG waiver, India has signed nuclear deals with several countries including France,[104] United States,[105] Mongolia, Namibia,[106] Kazakhstan[107] and Australia[108] while the framework for similar deals with Canada and the United Kingdom are also being prepared.[109][110][103]

Nuclear proliferation

With the establishment of the Atomic Energy Establishment, Trombay, now known as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), India built its first research reactor, Apsara– a 1 megawatt (0.0010 GW) – with the assistance greatly provided by the United Kingdom and France.: 4–6 [111] During the 1950s, India began to negotiate with the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and Canada on technical information on reactor theory and design. After lengthy negotiations with Canada, India successfully acquired the 40 megawatts (0.040 GW) Cirus nuclear reactor, which became a watershed event in nuclear proliferation.[1] It was the refined plutonium from Cirus that was used in India's first nuclear test in 1974.[1]

The Russian Federation has wide range of commercial, financial, and defence interests with India and its nuclear programme since the times of the former Soviet Union.: 400 [112] After the Soviet split from China in 1960, the former Soviet Union fostered close ties with India as a counterweight to China and began training Indian nuclear scientists on fuel cycle and reactor technology.: 143 [113] While India's interactions with the western firms were limited due to concerns of nuclear proliferation, the Soviet Union transferred much of the technical specifications on the Soviet nuclear fuel cycle technology and earlier designs of Russian nuclear reactors, and provided the commodities, knowledge on the heavy water production, and further technical support to Indian nuclear programme after India faced sanctions and global isolation after the nuclear test in 1974.: 144 [clarification needed]

Between 1961 and 1981, Soviet technical assistance to India was crucial in advancing the Indian nuclear programme especially in acquiring the indigenous capability to produce its own uranium fuel, construction of CANDU-type pressurized heavy water reactors with Russian scientists,[dubious – discuss] and supplying the heavy water moderator.: 144 [113] Although, the Soviet leadership knew of India's determination to acquire nuclear weapons and initially insisted that India sign the Non-Proliferation Treaty, they did not press the issue, concluding that it was futile and would damage relations with India.: 144–145 [113]

India began its missile development programme in 1979 with two separate classified projects (codenamed: Devil and Valiant) both intended to reverse engineer a Soviet missile, S-75 Dvina, which India first acquired in 1965.[35] When those efforts failed, the Indian government decided to established its own missile programme in 1983, based largely on publicly available information on Soviet rocketry.: 236 [114] The Indian engineers skillfully mastered the spaceflight lessons learnt from the Soviet space programme that greatly helped India's dual space and military missile programme.: 236 

In 1983–84, the Indian government used the Alfred Hempel network[35] to advance its continuing efforts in attaining the heavy water production technologies and it was reported that the India was one of the largest beneficiaries (and fourth member) of the Tinner–Khan network that allowed India to enriched uranium through the gas centrifuges method in 1990s.[115] In 1978, Libya reached out to India in a view of learning Indian nuclear technology when its relations were cooled with Pakistan, which India was receptive in a broader view of expanding its foreign outreach to Africa. However, India rebuffed Libya's further requests, citing lack of manpower and institutional infrastructure.[116]

In 2004, U.S. relations with India began to warm when Bush administration reached a civil nuclear agreement with India that opened opportunity to expand nuclear commerce with members of the Nuclear Suppliers Group to expand its nuclear power generation despite not being a party to the NPT.

In 2026, Canada revised its policy towards India when both nation reached a "nuclear agreement" relating the export of uranium.[117]

Domestic legislation

India has several laws in whole or partial measure that deal with the regulation of weapons of mass destruction.[118] They include the Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Act of 2005.[118] In April 2022 a bill was tabled to amend the 2005 act to include the financing of proliferation.[119]

See also

Weapons of mass destruction
Defense-related

References

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Sources

Further reading

allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction