Kanaganahalli, situated about 3 km from Sannati, is an important Buddhist site where an ancient Mahastupa was built. It is on the left bank of the Bhima river[1] in Chitapur taluk, Kalaburagi district in Karnataka, India. Nalwar is the nearest Railway station about 19 km from Sannati. The Buddhist site is about 2.5 km from Chandrala Parameshwari temple of Sannati.
History
The excavation remains at Kanaganahalli can be dated to between the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD.
In circa the 1st century BC, the stupa at Kanganahalli was constructed as per the inscriptions referred to as Hama Chaitya, and it was patronized by the Mahayana division of Buddhism during the 3rd and 4th centuries AD. During the Satavahana period, the Amaravati School of art made a deep impact on the sculptural and architectural forms of the Kanaganahalli region. This was indeed a period of great artistic efflorescence that gave the maha chaitya an impressive form "unsurpassed" in the history of stupa architecture in the south India.[2]
The sculptured panels of the medhi (circular terrace), two dimensional sculptures and typical animal motifs are of an indigenous nature. They exhibit a transition phase between the early Amaravati sculptural art and the later, more elaborately sculptured panels of Nagarjunakonda.
The artistry of Kanaganahalli reveals fascinating differences from its Amaravati counterparts. At Kanaganahalli we can see carvings that reflect the geometric patterns, floral motifs, dress and ornamentation, and a stacked composition of the subject matter in the large sculptured panels that creates a flat illusion of depth.
A portrait of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka is depicted at Kanaganahalli, known through an inscription found during excavations of 1994-1998 (see below). Portraits of Shatavahana kings Simuka and Vasishthiputra Pulumavi are also represented.
At Kanaganahalli, the anda or dome portion of the stupa is partially in view, although the majority of the architectural members and sculptural panels are not in their original position.
ASI Excavation Site
Kanaganahalli is an excavation site managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.[6]
Excavation during 1994 to 1998
- During these Kanaganahalli excavations, the remains of a massive stupa, many brick Chaitya-griha structures and other memorial stupas were brought to light.
- Architectural fragments of the stupa were found, including carved veneer slabs, railings, pillars, capitals, stone padas (footprints of the Buddha), four images of the Buddha, and sculpted yakshas (protective nature spirits).
- The sculptured panels depicts various Jataka tales of Lord Buddha and the portraits of several Shatavahana kings.
Inscriptions
In addition to one long inscription, 145 short inscriptions were discovered, dating from between the 1st century BCE to 1st century CE ("common era"). One of the most important discoveries was the relief-portrait of Maurya emperor Ashoka, identified by an inscription that says, "Raya Asoko".[7] Written in brahmi script, "Raya Asoko" reads as "King Ashoka."[8][9]
Excavation during 2000 to 2002
- During the excavations, the bare and ruined remnants of a number of brick structures connected by paved and sheltered passages were found. This includes part of a possible monastic complex to the north-west of the main stupa.
- Lead coins bearing the names of Shatavahana kings like Satakarni, Pulumavi and Yajnasri were discovered.
-
Kanaganahalli aniconic relief of the empty throne of the Buddha -
Kanaganahalli dharmachakra relief -
Kanaganahalli inscribed panel portraying Asoka
Conservation restarted in 2022.[10]
Satavahana inscriptions
The oldest Satavahana inscription is the one found on a slab of the upper drum (medhi) of the Kanaganahalli stupa mentioning "year 16" of Vasisthiputra Sri Chimuka Satavahana's reign, which can be dated from ca. 110 BCE.[11][12][13][14]
𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀙𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓 𑀲𑀸𑀢𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑀲 𑀲𑁄𑀟𑁂 𑀯𑀙𑀭𑁂 𑁛𑁗 𑀫𑀸𑀢𑀺𑀲𑁂𑀓
Rano siri chimu(ka) sātavāhanasa soḍe 10 6 mātiseka
"In the year sixteen 16 of King Siri Chimuka Slilaviihana"
— Kanaganahalli inscription of the 16th year of Simuka.[15]
On another stone slab at Kanaganahalli, the king is possibly shown together with a Nagaraja, and the inscription reads:
𑀭𑀸𑀚𑀸 𑀲𑀺𑀭𑀺 𑀙𑀺𑀫𑀼𑀓𑁄 𑀲𑀸𑀤𑀯𑀸𑀳𑀦𑁄 𑀦𑀸𑀕𑀭𑀸𑀬 𑀲𑀔𑀥𑀸𑀪𑁄
Rājā Siri Chimuko Sādavāhano nāgarāya Sakhadhābho
"Lord King Simuka the Satavahana, Nagaraja Sakhadhābho"— Kanaganahalli inscription of Simuka.[16]
International Buddhist Centre
The Government of Karnataka and ASI are planning to develop Kanaganahalli and Sannati as an International Buddhist Centre.[17]
Senior IAS official S.M. Jamdhar has been appointed as its special officer.
See also
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External links
- Rediscovering Ashoka, Vithal C Nadkarni, The Times of India, 22 March 2012
- Kanaganahalli - the Buddhist site
- Kanaganahalli Sannati conservation
- Relics of an emperor, LAKSHMI SHARATH, The Hindu, 26 October 2012
- Buddha circuit in Gulbarga
- Photographic documentation of the Kanaganahalli Stupa site - over 1,000 photos by C. Luczanits.
Notes
- ^ "GULBARGA DISTRICT". Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- ^ "Kanganhalli: A unique discovery of Buddhist site in India". Dr. D. Dayalan, Archaeological survey of india. Archived from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2009.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education India. p. 333. ISBN 9788131711200.
- ^ Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. p. 162. ISBN 9780674975279.
- ^ Thapar, Romila (2012). Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas. Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 9780199088683.
- ^ "Excavations - 2000-2005 - Karnataka". Retrieved 18 February 2009.
- ^ Michael Meister, "Early Architecture and Its Transformations: New Evidence for Vernacular Origins for the Indian Temple," in The Temple in South Asia, ed. Adam Hardy, London 2007
- ^ Rayo Asoko inscription refer to http://storyofkannada.blogspot.com/2009/12/karnataka-ashoka-s-swarnabhoomi.html?m=1
- ^ "Rediscovering Ashoka - Kanganhalli". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ^ Buradikatti, Kumar (9 July 2022). "Sannati: Ancient Buddhist site finally in focus after 20 years". The Hindu.
- ^ Ollett, Andrew, (2017). Language of the Snakes: Prakrit, Sanskrit, and the Language Order of Premodern India, University of California Press, Okland, p. 194.
- ^ Poonacha, K.P., (2013). Excavations at Kanaganahalli, Archaeological Survey of India, Delhi
- ^ Nakanishi, Maiko, and Oskar von Hinuber, (2014). Kanaganahalli Inscriptions (Supplement to the Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2013, Vol. 17., Tokyo.
- ^ Ollett, Andrew (2017). "Appendix B". APPENDIX B: Sātavāhana Inscriptions. University of California Press. p. 194. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1w8h1vk.14.
{{cite book}}:|journal=ignored (help) - ^ Zin, Monika (2018). "Kanaganahalli in Satavahana art and Buddhism" (PDF). Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 41: 540, note 7.
- ^ "Looking at that one slab from Kanaganahalli (fig. 14), 40 in the upper panel, we see a king. We do not know exactly what the lower part showed because its large part is missing; in any case it is a male person of rank. The label of the inscription reads: rājā Siri Chimuko Sādavāhano nāgarāya Sakhadhābho (?). The inscription lets us believe that it is the historical person of Śrī Simuka founder of the Sātavāhana dynasty who is depicted here, and that he was portrayed on the slab together with a nāgarāja." in Zin, Monika (2012). "The Buddha's Relics and the Nāgas an Attempt to Throw Light on Some Depictions in the Amaravati School". South Asian Archaeology and Art. 2: 763, and fig.14.
- ^ "Kanaganalli to be developed as International Buddhist Centre". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 22 December 2008. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
