The 2004 Indian general election in Kerala were held for 20 Lok Sabha seats in the state.[1] The Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Democratic Front (LDF) won 18 seats out of 20 seats in the state. Indian National Congress, who had won 8 seats in the 1999 elections, won one in this election. The other seats were won by Kerala Congress (1), P.C. Thomas's Indian Federal Democratic Party (1), Indian Union Muslim League (1), Janata Dal (Secular) (1), and by an LDF supported Independent candidate (1).
In the aftermath of this election, the then Chief Minister of the state A. K. Antony resigned taking sole responsibility for the INC's poor electoral performance.[2] Despite this, the outside support from the Left Front proved valuable for Congress to have a stable government in the Lok Sabha for the next 5 years.[3]
List of elected MPs
No. | Constituency | Name of Elected M.P. | Party Affiliation | Alliance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kasaragod | P. Karunakaran | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
2 | Kannur | A. P. Abdullakutty | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
3 | Vatakara | P. Satheedevi | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
4 | Kozhikode | M. P. Veerendra Kumar | JD(S) | LDF | ||
5 | Manjeri | T. K. Hamza | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
6 | Ponnani | E. Ahammed | IUML | UDF | ||
7 | Palakkad | N. N. Krishnadas | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
8 | Ottapalam | S. Ajaya Kumar | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
9 | Thrissur | C. K. Chandrappan | CPI | LDF | ||
10 | Mukundapuram | Lonappan Nambadan | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
11 | Ernakulam | Sebastian Paul | LDF Ind. | LDF | ||
12 | Muvattupuzha | P. C. Thomas | IFDP | NDA | ||
13 | Kottayam | Suresh Kurup | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
14 | Idukki | K. Francis George | KC | LDF | ||
15 | Alappuzha | K. S. Manoj | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
16 | Mavelikkara | C. S. Sujatha | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
17 | Adoor | Chengara Surendran | CPI | LDF | ||
18 | Kollam | P. Rajendran | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
19 | Chirayankil | Varkala Radhakrishnan | CPI(M) | LDF | ||
20 | Thiruvananthapuram | P. K. Vasudevan Nair | CPI | LDF | ||
Pannyan Raveendran[a] | CPI | LDF |
Results
Results by alliance or party
Alliance/Party | Popular vote | Seats | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | ±pp | Contested | Won | +/− | ||||
LDF | CPI(M) | 4,754,567 | 31.52% | ![]() |
13 | 12 | ![]() | ||
CPI | 1,190,526 | 7.89% | ![]() |
4 | 3 | ![]() | |||
KC(J) | 353,905 | 2.35% | ![]() |
1 | 1 | ![]() | |||
JD(S) | 340,111 | 2.25% | ![]() |
1 | 1 | ![]() | |||
LDF Ind. | 323,042 | 2.14% | New | 1 | 1 | ![]() | |||
Total | 6,962,151 | 46.15% | ![]() |
20 | 18 | ![]() | |||
UDF | INC | 4,846,637 | 32.13% | ![]() |
17 | 0 | ![]() | ||
IUML | 733,228 | 4.86% | ![]() |
2 | 1 | ![]() | |||
KC(M) | 209,880 | 1.39% | ![]() |
1 | 0 | ![]() | |||
Total | 5,789,745 | 38.38% | ![]() |
20 | 1 | ![]() | |||
NDA | BJP | 1,566,569 | 10.38% | ![]() |
19 | 0 | ![]() | ||
IFDP | 380,847 | 1.70% | New | 1 | 1 | New | |||
Total | 1,947,416 | 12.08% | ![]() |
20 | 1 | ![]() | |||
Others | 387,116 | 3.39% | |||||||
Total | 15,086,428 | 100% | 20 |
By alliance
Coalition/Alliance | Parties contesting in Kerala from the Alliance in 1999 | Seats won in 1999 Election | Parties contesting in Kerala from the Alliance in 2004 | Seats won in 2004 Election | Swing |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left Democratic Front | 9 | 18 | ![]() | ||
United Democratic Front | 11 | 1 | ![]() | ||
National Democratic Alliance | 0 | Kerala Congress (1) P.C. Thomas's Indian Federal Democratic Party 1) |
1 | ![]() |
- Note:
- UPA was not in existence in 1999, instead the number of seats won in 1999 represents the seats won by Indian National Congress
- UDF, is a coalition in Kerala, that was formed in 2001, that includes the Indian National Congress, and splinter Congress groups in Kerala.
- Left front, was not part of the UPA, in 2004, instead gave outside support.
- P. C. Thomas's Indian Federal Democratic Party, later merged with Kerala Congress and the United Democratic Front.
By Party
Party | Alliance | Seats Contested | Seats | Change | Votes | % | ±pp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indian National Congress | UDF | 17 | 1 | ![]() |
4,846,637 | 32.13 | ![]() |
Communist Party of India (Marxist) | Left Democratic Front | 13 | 12 | ![]() |
4,754,567 | 31.52 | ![]() |
Communist Party of India | Left Democratic Front | 4 | 3 | ![]() |
1,190,526 | 7.89 | ![]() |
Bharatiya Janata Party | NDA | 19 | 0 | ![]() |
15,66,569 | 10.38 | ![]() |
Indian Union Muslim League | UDF | 2 | 1 | ![]() |
733,228 | 4.86 | ![]() |
Kerala Congress (J) | Left Democratic Front | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
353,905 | 2.35 | new |
Janata Dal (Secular) | Left Democratic Front | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
340,111 | 2.25 | ![]() |
Indian Federal Democratic Party | NDA | 1 | 1 | new | 256,411 | 1.7 | new |
Kerala Congress (Mani) | UDF | 1 | 0 | ![]() |
209,880 | 1.39 | ![]() |
Bahujan Samaj Party | none | 14 | 0 | ![]() |
74,656 | 0.49 | ![]() |
Peoples Democratic Party (India) | none | 1 | 0 | new | 45,720 | 0.3 | new |
Janata Dal (United) | NDA | 4 | 0 | ![]() |
7,806 | 0.05 | ![]() |
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation | None | 1 | 0 | new | 3,270 | 0.02 | new |
Social Action Party | none | 1 | 0 | new | 2,987 | 0.02 | new |
All Kerala M.G.R. Dravida Munnetra Party | none | 1 | 0 | new | 2,158 | 0.01 | new |
Independent | Left Democratic Front | 1 | 1 | ![]() |
323042 | 2.14 | |
Total | 177 | 20 | – | 15,086,428 | – |
By constituency
No. | Constituency | UDF candidate | Votes | % | Party | LDF candidate | Votes | % | Party | NDA candidate | Votes | % | Party | Winning alliance | Margin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Kasaragod | N. A. Mohammed | 3,29,028 | 36.5 | INC | P. Karunakaran | 4,37,284 | 48.5 | CPI(M) | V. Balakrishna Shetty | 1,10,328 | 12.2 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 1,08,256 |
2 | Kannur | Mullappally Ramachandran | 3,51,209 | 40.8 | INC | A. P. Abdullakutty | 4,35,058 | 50.5 | CPI(M) | O. K. Vasu | 47,213 | 5.4 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 83,849 |
3 | Vatakara | M. T. Padma | 2,98,705 | 36.1 | INC | P. Satheedevi | 4,29,294 | 51.8 | CPI(M) | K. P. Sreesan | 81,901 | 9.9 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 1,30,589 |
4 | Kozhikode | V. Balram | 2,74,785 | 35.2 | INC | M.P. Veerendra Kumar | 3,40,111 | 43.5 | JD(S) | M. T. Ramesh | 97,711 | 12.5 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 65,326 |
5 | Manjeri | K. P. A. Majeed | 3,79,177 | 41.8 | IUML | T. K. Hamza | 4,26,920 | 47.1 | CPI(M) | Uma Unni | 84,149 | 9.3 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 47,743 |
6 | Ponnani | E. Ahamed | 3,54,051 | 48.5 | IUML | P. P. Suneer | 2,51,293 | 34.4 | CPI | Aravindan | 71,609 | 9.8 | BJP | UDF | 1,02,758 |
7 | Palakkad | V. S. Vijaya Raghavan | 2,76,986 | 33.7 | INC | N. N. Krishnadas | 3,75,144 | 45.7 | CPI(M) | C. Udai Bhasker | 1,47,792 | 18 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 98,158 |
8 | Ottapalam | K. A. Thulasi | 3,25,518 | 40.3 | INC | S. Ajaya Kumar | 3,95,928 | 49 | CPI(M) | Velayudhan | 68,193 | 8.5 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 70,410 |
9 | Thrissur | A. C. Jose | 2,74,999 | 40 | INC | C. K. Chandrappan | 3,20,960 | 46.7 | CPI | P. S. Sreeraman | 72,042 | 10.5 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 45,961 |
10 | Mukundapuram | Padmaja Venugopal | 2,58,078 | 35.7 | INC | Lonappan Nambadan | 3,75,175 | 51.9 | CPI(M) | Mathew Pailee | 62,338 | 8.6 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 1,17,097 |
11 | Ernakulam | Edward Edezhath | 2,52,943 | 38.4 | INC | Sebastian Paul | 3,23,042 | 49 | IND-LDF | O. G. Thankappan | 60,697 | 9.2 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 70,099 |
12 | Muvattupuzha | Jose K. Mani | 2,09,880 | 28 | KEC(M) | P. M. Ismail | 2,55,882 | 34.3 | CPI(M) | P. C. Thomas | 2,56,411 | 34.4 | IFDP | NDA | 529 |
13 | Kottayam | Vijayamma. S | 2,98,299 | 46.3 | INC | K.Suresh Kurup | 3,41,213 | 44.3 | CPI(M) | B. Radhakrishna Menon | 53,034 | 7.5 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 42,914 |
14 | Idukki | Benny Behanan | 2,84,521 | 39 | INC | K. Francis George | 3,53,905 | 48.5 | KEC | S. T. B. Mohandas | 58,290 | 8 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 69,384 |
15 | Alappuzha | V. M. Sudheeran | 3,34,485 | 45.8 | INC | K. S. Manoj | 3,35,494 | 46 | CPI(M) | V. Padmanabhan | 43,891 | 6 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 1,009 |
16 | Mavelikkara | Ramesh Chennithala | 2,70,867 | 42 | INC | C. S. Sujatha | 2,78,281 | 43.2 | CPI(M) | S. Krishna Kumar | 83,013 | 12.9 | NDA | Left Democratic Front | 7,414 |
17 | Adoor | Kodikunnil Suresh | 2,77,682 | 40.6 | INC | Chengara Surendran | 3,32,216 | 48.5 | CPI(M) | P. M. Velayudhan | 61,907 | 9 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 54,534 |
18 | Kollam | Sooranad Rajasekharan | 2,44,208 | 34.6 | INC | P. Rajendran | 3,55,279 | 50.4 | CPI(M) | Kizhakkanela Sudhakaran | 62,183 | 8.8 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 1,11,071 |
19 | Chirayinkil | M. I. Shanavas | 2,62,870 | 39.3 | INC | Varkala Radhakrishnan | 3,13,612 | 46.8 | CPI(M) | J. R. Padmakumar | 71,982 | 10.7 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 50,742 |
20 | Trivandrum | V. S. Sivakumar | 2,31,454 | 30.3 | INC | P. K. Vasudevan Nair | 2,86,057 | 37.5 | CPI | O. Rajagopal | 2,28,052 | 29.9 | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 54,603 |
2005 By-election
Due to the death of the sitting MP P. K. Vasudevan Nair, Trivandrum constituency went to bypolls. Turnout for the election was 68.15%[5]
No. | Constituency | UDF candidate | Votes | % | Party | LDF candidate | Votes | % | Party | NDA candidate | Votes | % | Party | Winning alliance | Margin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
20 | Trivandrum | V. S. Sivakumar | 3,16,124 | 41.63% | INC | Pannyan Raveendran | 3,90,324 | 51.41% | CPI | C. K. Padmanabhan | 36,690 | 4.83% | BJP | Left Democratic Front | 74,200 |
Assembly Constituency
S.No | Name | Constituency | Winning Alliance | Runner-up Alliance | Leading Party | Margin |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Manjeshwar | Kasaragod | UDF | LDF | INC | 2695 |
2 | Kasaragod | UDF | LDF | INC | 13668 | |
3 | Udma | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 15992 | |
4 | Hosdurg | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 18367 | |
5 | Trikaripur | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 23867 | |
6 | Irikkur | Cannanore | UDF | LDF | INC | 4158 |
7 | Payyannur | Kasaragod | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 34590 |
8 | Taliparamba | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 30616 | |
9 | Azhikode | Cannanore | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 19204 |
10 | Kannur | UDF | LDF | INC | 1542 | |
11 | Edakkad | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 16044 | |
12 | Thalassery | Badagara | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 23815 |
13 | Peringalam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 17188 | |
14 | Kuthuparamba | Cannanore | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 31580 |
15 | Peravoor | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 13522 | |
16 | North Wynad | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 8449 | |
17 | Badagara | Badagara | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 24153 |
18 | Nadapuram | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 14422 | |
19 | Meppayur | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 17105 | |
20 | Quilandy | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 12390 | |
21 | Perambra | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 20433 | |
22 | Balusseri | Calicut | LDF | UDF | JD(S) | 19934 |
23 | Koduvally | LDF | UDF | JD(S) | 9510 | |
24 | Kozhikode I | LDF | UDF | JD(S) | 11687 | |
25 | Kozhikode II | LDF | UDF | JD(S) | 11726 | |
26 | Beypore | Manjeri | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 24149 |
27 | Kunnamangalam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 13079 | |
28 | Thiruvambady | Calicut | LDF | UDF | JD(S) | 2252 |
29 | Kalpetta | LDF | UDF | JD(S) | 4146 | |
30 | Sultan'S Battery | LDF | UDF | JD(S) | 5468 | |
31 | Wandoor | Manjeri | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 6895 |
32 | Nilambur | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 11012 | |
33 | Manjeri | UDF | LDF | IUML | 903 | |
34 | Malappuram | UDF | LDF | IUML | 5352 | |
35 | Kondotty | UDF | LDF | IUML | 2025 | |
36 | Tirurangadi | Ponnani | UDF | LDF | IUML | 23476 |
37 | Tanur | UDF | LDF | IUML | 26300 | |
38 | Tirur | UDF | LDF | IUML | 5728 | |
39 | Ponnani | LDF | UDF | CPI | 5486 | |
40 | Kuttippuram | UDF | LDF | IUML | 24516 | |
41 | Mankada | UDF | LDF | IUML | 18171 | |
42 | Perinthalmanna | UDF | LDF | IUML | 10252 | |
43 | Thrithala | Ottapalam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 9851 |
44 | Pattambi | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 8651 | |
45 | Ottapalam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 19425 | |
46 | Sreekrishnapuram | Palghat | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 18832 |
47 | Mannarkkad | UDF | LDF | INC | 1574 | |
48 | Malampuzha | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 25664 | |
49 | Palghat | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 10062 | |
50 | Chittur | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 1313 | |
51 | Kollengode | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 17536 | |
52 | Coyalmannam | Ottapalam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 15754 |
53 | Alathur | Palghat | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 25758 |
54 | Chelakara | Ottapalam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 2057 |
55 | Wadakkanchery | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 5438 | |
56 | Kunnamkulam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 8759 | |
57 | Cherpu | Trichur | LDF | UDF | CPI | 11063 |
58 | Trichur | UDF | LDF | INC | 1379 | |
59 | Ollur | LDF | UDF | CPI | 3501 | |
60 | Kodakara | LDF | UDF | CPI | 9619 | |
61 | Chalakudi | Mukundapuram | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 11665 |
62 | Mala | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 12542 | |
63 | Irinjalakuda | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 16959 | |
64 | Manalur |
Trichur |
LDF | UDF | CPI | 7703 |
65 | Guruvayoor | LDF | UDF | CPI | 6423 | |
66 | Nattika | LDF | UDF | CPI | 8499 | |
67 | Kodungallur | Mukundapuram | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 24434 |
68 | Ankamali | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 14071 | |
69 | Vadakkekara | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 18770 | |
70 | Parur | Ernakulam | LDF | UDF | IND | 11035 |
71 | Narakkal | LDF | UDF | IND | 8420 | |
72 | Ernakulam | LDF | UDF | IND | 4629 | |
73 | Mattancherry | LDF | UDF | IND | 3681 | |
74 | Palluruthy | LDF | UDF | IND | 4024 | |
75 | Trippunithura | LDF | UDF | IND | 18834 | |
76 | Alwaye | LDF | UDF | IND | 18888 | |
77 | Perumbavoor | Mukundapuram | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 17600 |
78 | Kunnathunad | Muvattupuzha | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 11373 |
79 | Piravom | LDF | NDA | CPI(M) | 9189 | |
80 | Muvattupuzha | LDF | NDA | CPI(M) | 7022 | |
81 | Kothamangalam | LDF | NDA | CPI(M) | 6322 | |
82 | Thodupuzha | Idukki | LDF | UDF | KEC | 17629 |
83 | Devicolam | LDF | UDF | KEC | 11317 | |
84 | Idukki | LDF | UDF | KEC | 13060 | |
85 | Udumbanchola | LDF | UDF | KEC | 16471 | |
86 | Peermade | LDF | UDF | KEC | 33 | |
87 | Kanjirappally | Muvattupuzha | NDA | LDF | IFDP | 7782 |
88 | Vazhoor |
Kottayam |
LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 6189 |
89 | Changanacherry | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 119 | |
90 | Kottayam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 12820 | |
91 | Ettumanoor | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 3754 | |
92 | Puthuppally | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 4995 | |
93 | Poonjar | Muvattupuzha | NDA | LDF | IFDP | 9755 |
94 | Palai | NDA | UDF | IFDP | 10848 | |
95 | Kaduthuruthy | Kottayam | UDF | LDF | INC | 2105 |
96 | Vaikom | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 16380 | |
97 | Aroor | Alleppey | UDF | LDF | INC | 7615 |
98 | Sherthalai | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 1822 | |
99 | Mararikulam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 7423 | |
100 | Alleppey | UDF | LDF | INC | 1489 | |
101 | Ambalapuzha | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 2835 | |
102 | Kuttanad | UDF | LDF | INC | 1003 | |
103 | Haripad | UDF | LDF | INC | 1243 | |
104 | Kayamkulam | Mavelikara | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 6657 |
105 | Thiruvalla | UDF | LDF | INC | 8345 | |
106 | Kallooppara | UDF | LDF | INC | 3540 | |
107 | Aranmula | UDF | LDF | INC | 158 | |
108 | Chengannur | UDF | LDF | INC | 1546 | |
109 | Mavelikara | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 7814 | |
110 | Pandalam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 6153 | |
111 | Ranni | Idukki | LDF | UDF | KEC | 7800 |
112 | Pathanamthitta | LDF | UDF | KEC | 2550 | |
113 | Konni | Adoor | LDF | UDF | CPI | 13031 |
114 | Pathanapuram | LDF | UDF | CPI | 3014 | |
115 | Punalur | LDF | UDF | CPI | 4471 | |
116 | Chadayamangalam | LDF | UDF | CPI | 11580 | |
117 | Kottarakkara | LDF | UDF | CPI | 284 | |
118 | Neduvathur | LDF | UDF | CPI | 16470 | |
119 | Adoor | LDF | UDF | CPI | 5369 | |
120 | Kunnathur |
Quilon |
LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 13164 |
121 | Karunagappally | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 11586 | |
122 | Chavara | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 9239 | |
123 | Kundara | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 15323 | |
124 | Kollam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 10097 | |
125 | Eravipuram | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 29058 | |
126 | Chathanoor | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 21318 | |
127 | Varkala | Chirayinkil | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 9269 |
128 | Attingal | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 10726 | |
129 | Kilimanoor | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 11966 | |
130 | Vamanapuram | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 1982 | |
131 | Ariyanad | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 2720 | |
132 | Nedumangad | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 8514 | |
133 | Kazhakuttam | LDF | UDF | CPI(M) | 4976 | |
134 | Trivandrum North |
Trivandrum |
NDA | LDF | BJP | 1924 |
135 | Trivandrum West | LDF | NDA | CPI | 4271 | |
136 | Trivandrum East | NDA | LDF | BJP | 7893 | |
137 | Nemom | LDF | NDA | CPI | 6523 | |
138 | Kovalam | LDF | UDF | CPI | 5400 | |
139 | Neyyattinkara | LDF | UDF | CPI | 8997 | |
140 | Parassala | LDF | UDF | CPI | 2845 |
Result- Party Wise
LDF | 111 | UDF | 24 | NDA | 5 |
2004 Lok Sabha | 2006 Assembly Election | |
CPI(M) | 71 | 61 |
CPI | 19 | 17 |
KEC | 7 | 4 |
JD(S) | 7 | 5 |
INC | 15 | 24 |
IUML | 9 | 7 |
BJP | 2 | 0 |
IFDP | 3 | - |
Notes
- ^ Elected in 2005 through by-election
References
- ^ "General Election, 2004". Archived from the original on 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Why Kerala CM Antony resigned". www.rediff.com. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ "When CPI(M) had a 'pact' with Congress in 2004". Hindustan Times. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ "Kerala Election Results Live Update 2019, 2014, 2009 and 2004". Maps of India. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
- ^ "PC Bye Election: Thiruvananthapuram 2005". Archived from the original on 11 September 2022.