Ezov (Hebrew: אֵזוֹב, romanized: ʾēzōḇ, some English-language Bibles transliterate as ezob) is the Classical Hebrew name of a plant mentioned in the Hebrew Bible in the context of religious rituals.
Ezov is described as a small plant found on or near walls,[1] with an aromatic odor.[2][3] Maimonides, Saadia Gaon and earlier Jewish commentators identified ezov with za'atar,[4] which principally referred to the herb Origanum syriacum, which has aromatic and cleansing properties, grows wild in Israel, and can easily be bunched together to be used for sprinkling.[3]
Etymology
The Septuagint translates Hebrew אֵזוֹב ezov as ὕσσωπος hyssop, and English translations of the Bible often follow this rendering. Ezov and the Greek word ὕσσωπος hyssops probably share a common origin.[5] Rabin suggests that this ancient culture word originated in Asia Minor.[6] While the catalyst for the spread of this culture word is unknown, Asia Minor may have been the place of Origanum’s first ritual usage, from which it then spread to other regions.
Dioscorides’ description of ὕσσωπος indicates that he identified this plant with Origanum (De materia medica 3.25); the Vienna Dioscurides depicts ὕσσωπος as Origanum syriacum.[7]
Old Testament
The Israelites used ezov in the Passover ritual when they were enslaved in Egypt, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament, to sprinkle lamb's blood on the door posts and lintels of the slaves' quarters in which they lived, so that God[8] would pass over them as he slew the first-born of the Egyptians.[9] The Israelites used ezov more regularly for other rituals when they had settled in Israel. It was used in the ritual for cleansing from leprosy[10] and corpse uncleanness,[11] as well as for the burning of the red heifer.[12] In Psalms, the sprinkling of ezov is used metaphorically to refer to purification of the heart.[13]
New Testament
The book of John in the New Testament (written in Koine Greek) mentions that hyssop was used, along with vinegar, to alleviate the thirst of Jesus, during his Passion. Matthew and Mark mention the occasion but refer to the plant using the general term κάλαμος (kálamos), which is translated as "reed" or "stick."
The Roman Catholic Church and some sects interpret ezov as "hyssop" and have adopted the biblical practice of sprinkling with water to ritually cleanse objects, including churches and people, in a ritual termed aspersion during the Asperges.
References
- ^ 1 Kings 4:33
- ^ Numbers 19:6
- ^ a b Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ Based on the Judeo-Arabic translation of the word in the works of Rabbi Saadia Gaon (in his Tafsir, a translation of the Pentateuch, Exo. 12:22), David ben Abraham al-Fasi (in his Hebrew-Arabic Dictionary of the Bible, known as `Kitāb Jāmiʿ al-Alfāẓ`, vol. 1, s.v. אזוב), Rabbi Jonah ibn Janah (Sefer HaShorashim - Book of the Roots, s.v. אזב - aleph, zayn, bet), Maimonides (in his Mishnah Commentary, Nega'im 14:6) and Nathan ben Abraham I in Mishnah Uktzin 2:2. The problems with identification arise from Jewish oral tradition where it expressly prohibits Greek hyssop, and where the biblical plant is said to have been identical to the Arabic word, zaatar (Origanum syriacum), and which word is not to be associated with other ezobs that often bear an additional epithet, such as zaatar farsi = Persian-hyssop (Thymbra capitata) and zaatar rumi = Roman-hyssop (Satureja thymbra). See: The Mishnah (ed. Herbert Danby), Oxford University Press: Oxford 1977, s.v. Negai'im 14:6 (p. 696); Parah 11:7 (p. 711).
- ^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, 1989, s.v. hyssop
- ^ Noonan, Benjamin J. (2019-10-29). Non-Semitic Loanwords in the Hebrew Bible: A Lexicon of Language Contact. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-1-64602-039-3.
- ^ Janick, Jules (15 July 2020). "Herbal Images: Synteny of Images in Three Illustrated Dioscoridean Herbals". Retrieved 23 February 2025.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ Exodus 12:23
- ^ Exodus 12:22
- ^ Leviticus 14:4-7, 14:49-51
- ^ Numbers 19:17-19
- ^ Numbers 19:6
- ^ Psalm 50 (septuagint numbering), Psalm 51 (masoretic numbering)