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• Comment: Needs inline citations Shadow311 (talk) 18:13, 11 February 2025 (UTC)

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The Najd Revolution (Arabic: ثورة نجد) was a series of military campaigns and political movements led by Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud between 1820 and 1834. This revolution aimed to restore Saudi rule in the region of Najd after the collapse of the Emirate of Diriyah in 1818, following its defeat by the Ottoman-Egyptian forces under Ibrahim Pasha. Turki's efforts culminated in the establishment of the Emirate of Diriyah, with Riyadh as its capital.

After the fall of the Emirate of Diriyah in 1818, Najd came under the control of the Ottoman Empire, which appointed local governors to oversee the region. However, the harsh rule of the Ottomans and their Egyptian allies led to widespread discontent among the local population. Turki bin Abdullah, a member of the Al Saud family, emerged as a leader of the resistance, seeking to restore Saudi rule and independence for Najd.

Feisal bin Watban Al-Duwish, along with Ghuboush Agha, the commander of the Ottoman garrison in Unayza, attempted to besiege Imam Turki bin Abdullah in Riyadh. However, Imam Turki resisted with his group, and the siege failed. Muhammad Ali Pasha became angry and sent all the Ottoman forces to Riyadh, led by Hussein Bey. When Imam Turki consulted his companions, they advised him to withdraw from Riyadh to the town of Al-Hulwa, south of Riyadh, during the night, sneaking away. The plan succeeded, and Imam Turki withdrew his supporters from the Riyadh royal palace to Al-Hulwa without the Ottomans noticing, as they believed he had fled to Al-Ahsa.^[1]

A few months later, the soldiers in Riyadh and Manfuha, led by Ibrahim Kashif, the brother of Musa Kashif, and with them the Emir of Riyadh, Nasser bin Nasser Al-Aydhi, and the Emir of Manfuha, Musa bin Mazrou, headed towards the Subaie tribe in a location called (Al-Bada’), located south of Riyadh to the east of Al-Ha’ir. The Subaie tribe was led by Sheikh Muhammad bin Daghim Al-Omani. Severe fighting took place between them. They defeated the Ottomans, killing more than 300 soldiers and men, and their commander Ibrahim Kashif and Nasser Al-Aydi were killed.^[2]

At the same time, Hussein Bey sent his garrison, led by Musa Kashif, heading to Suhoul Tribe., but it was subjected to a crushing defeat by the Al-Suhoul Tribe. , and their leader (Musa Kashif) was killed. Their remnants fled, along with Abdullah al-Jumai, the emir of Unayzah..^[3]

In 1823, Turki re-emerged to form an alliance with Sawaid, the ruler of Jalajil in Sudair, and had soon established himself in Irqah. He made further incursions into Najd, in which he seized major settlements such as Durma and Manfuhah in order to isolate Riyadh and its Egyptian garrison. By August 1824, Riyadh itself came under siege and fell a few months later; Turki designated Riyadh as the new Saudi capital the same year as Diriyah had been devastated and largely depopulated by the Egyptians during their occupation. In Riyadh he constructed Qasr Al Hukm in 1824 to be used as the headquarters of the Amir^[4]

By 1824,Turki had successfully expelled the Ottoman-Egyptian forces from much of Najd and established the Emirate of Nejd with Riyadh as its capital. His rule marked a period of relative stability and prosperity, as he worked to rebuild the region's economy and infrastructure. Turki also sought to strengthen alliances with local tribes and promote the principles of the Wahhabi movement, which had been central to the Emirate of Diriyah.

Turki's revolution was a turning point in the history of Najd. It not only restored Saudi rule but also laid the foundation for the modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. His leadership and military prowess were instrumental in uniting the region and resisting foreign domination. The Second Saudi State, however, faced internal challenges and external threats, leading to its eventual decline in the late 19th century.

1. Al-Rasheed, Madawi. A History of Saudi Arabia. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
2. Vassiliev, Alexei. The History of Saudi Arabia. Saqi Books, 1998.
3. Al-Juhany, Uwaidah M. Najd Before the Salafi Reform Movement: Social, Political, and Religious Conditions During the Three Centuries Preceding the Rise of the Saudi State. Ithaca Press, 2002.
4. Rentz, George. The Birth of the Islamic Reform Movement in Saudi Arabia: Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703–1792) and the Beginnings of Unitarian Empire in Arabia. Arabian Publishing, 2004.
5. Al-Fahad, Abdulaziz H. The 'Imama vs. the 'Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of the Saudi State.
   1. Encyclopaedia Britannica: "Saudi Arabia - The Wahhabi Movement."
      • Provides a concise overview of the Wahhabi movement and its role in Saudi history.
   2. Oxford Islamic Studies Online: "Saudi Arabia."
      • Offers scholarly articles and references on Saudi history, including the Second Saudi State.
   3. King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives (Darah).
      • A valuable resource for primary documents and historical research on Saudi Arabia. Middle Eastern Studies, 2005. Al-Fahad, Abdulaziz H. The 'Imama vs. the 'Iqal: Hadari-Bedouin Conflict and the Formation of the Saudi State. PhD Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, 1999. Al-Juhany, Uwaidah M. Najd Before the Salafi Reform Movement: Social, Political, and Religious Conditions During the Three Centuries Preceding the Rise of the Saudi State. PhD Dissertation, University of Washington, 1983. Lacey, Robert. The Kingdom: Arabia and the House of Sa'ud. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981. Troeller, Gary. The Birth of Saudi Arabia: Britain and the Rise of the House of Sa'ud. Routledge, 1976.