Year 1431 (MCDXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar.

• January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin at Rouen in France, which is under English occupation.
• February 21 – The trial of Joan of Arc for heresy begins.
• March – Alexander I Aldea takes the throne of Wallachia with support from Alexander I of Moldavia.
• March 3 – Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V, to become the 207th pope.
• May 30 – 19-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake in Rouen.
• June 16 – The Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating an anti-Polish alliance.
• September – Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.
• October 30 – The Treaty of Medina del Campo is signed, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.
• November 9 – The Battle of Ilava: The Hungarians defeat the Hussite army.
• November 18 – A treaty in Suceava concludes an attack on Poland, launched this year by Alexander I of Moldavia during the Lithuanian Civil War.
• December 13 – Vlad, future Prince of Wallachia as Vlad II Dracul, is made a member of the Order of the Dragon. Because of this, his son Vlad III the Impaler will inspire the literary figure named Dracula.
• December 16 – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France at Notre-Dame de Paris.

• The University of Poitiers is founded.
• The Ayutthaya Kingdom besieges Angkor and sacks the Khmer capital, ending the Khmer Empire.
• Nezahualcoyotl is crowned Tlatoani of the Kingdom of Texcoco.
• Byzantine–Ottoman Wars: The Ottoman governor of Thessaly Turahan Bey breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the second time, and ravages the Peloponnese Peninsula.^[1]

• January 1 – Pope Alexander VI (d. 1503)^[2]
• October 26 – Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, Italian politician (d. 1505)
• November or December – Vlad III the Impaler, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1476)
• date unknown
  • William Elphinstone, Scottish statesman (d. 1514)
  • Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia (d. 1473)
  • Ladislaus Hunyadi, Hungarian statesman and warrior (d. 1457)
• probable
  • William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings (d. 1483)
  • John Neville, 1st Marquess of Montagu, English politician (d. 1471)
  • François Villon, French poet
  • Vlad III, Prince of Wallachia, A member of the House of Drăculești, as well as the Voivode of Wallachia 1456-1462

• January 25 – Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1364)
• February 20 – Pope Martin V (b. 1368)^[3]
• April 1 – Nuno Álvares Pereira, Portuguese general and religious figure
• April 5 – Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (b. 1364)
• April 19 – Adolph III, Count of Waldeck (b. 1362)
• May 30 – Joan of Arc, French soldier and saint (b. c. 1412)
• September 6 – Demetrios Laskaris Leontares, Byzantine soldier and statesman
• December 8 – Hedwig Jagiellon, Polish and Lithuanian princess (b. 1408)
• date unknown
  • Makhdoom Ali Mahimi, Indian Sufi mystic
  • Stanisław of Skarbimierz, Polish theologian (b. 1360)
  • Violant of Bar, queen regent of Aragon (b. 1365)^[4]