Kazakhstan–Poland relations refer to bilateral relations between Kazakhstan and Poland. Relations focus on growing trade and political cooperation. Both countries are members of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, World Trade Organization and United Nations.

History

Kazakh postal stamp from 2017 commemorating the Polish Anders' Army

Poland and Kazakhstan have a shared history rooted in the mass deportation of ethnic Poles to the former Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union.[1] Following the joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland, which started World War II in 1939, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was one of the destinations for the deportations of Poles from Soviet-occupied eastern Poland.[2] After the Sikorski–Mayski agreement, Polish diplomatic posts were established Almaty, Semey, Shymkent, Kostanay, Astana, Pavlodar and Petropavl in 1941–1942.[3] In early 1942, a portion of the Polish Anders' Army along with civilians was relocated to southern Kazakhstan, whereas the remainder was moved to the Uzbek and Kyrgyz SSRs.[4] The 1st Uhlan Regiment, the 8th Infantry Division and 10th Infantry Division were stationed in Otar, Shokpak and Lugovoy, respectively.[5] The Poles suffered from epidemics and famine and many died.[6] In 1942, the army with many civilians was evacuated to Iran. As of 1943, there were still nearly 77,000 Polish citizens in Kazakhstan, according to Soviet data.[7] After the war, over 62,000 Poles were repatriated from the Kazakh SSR to Poland in 1946–1948.[8]

Poland and Kazakhstan established formal diplomatic relations in 1992.[9] A double tax avoidance agreement was signed between the countries in 1995.[10] Several cooperation agreements were signed between the two countries, concerning economy (2006), tourism (2007), defense (2012), education (2014) and agriculture (2016).[11][12][13][14][15]

State visits

Poland President Andrzej Duda hosted Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev in Poland in 2016 for the Polish - Kazakh Economic Forum.[16] Polish presidents Kwaśniewski and Kaczyński visited Kazakhstan in 1999[17] and 2007[18] respectively.

Economic relations

Trade turnover between the two countries exceeded $2.2 billion in 2014.[19] More than 200 Polish businesses are operating in Kazakhstan that have invested about $130 million in Kazakhstan operations.[20] Both countries' foreign trade agencies together established the Polish-Kazakh Intergovernmental Commission on Economic Cooperation to build commercial ties between businesses.[21]

LOT Polish Airlines operates a service from Warsaw to Astana.

Diplomatic missions

  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in Almaty.
  • Embassy of Kazakhstan in Warsaw
    Embassy of Kazakhstan in Warsaw

See also

References

  1. ^ Iglicka, Krystyna (1998). "Are They Fellow Countrymen or Not? The Migration of Ethnic Poles from Kazakhstan to Poland". The International Migration Review. 32 (Winter): 995–1014. JSTOR 2547669.
  2. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi" (in Polish). Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 2012. p. 28. ISBN 978-83-63695-00-2.
  3. ^ Ceranka, Paweł; Szczepanik, Krzysztof (2020). Urzędy konsularne Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 1918–1945. Informator archiwalny (in Polish). Warszawa: Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych. pp. 26, 34, 111, 203, 310, 312, 356. ISBN 978-83-65681-93-5.
  4. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 46.
  5. ^ "Tworzenie Armii Polskiej w ZSRS w 1941–1942" (PDF). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  6. ^ Ocaleni z "nieludzkiej ziemi". p. 48.
  7. ^ Masiarz, Władysław (1997). "Przesiedlenie i repatriacja Polaków z Azji Środkowej w 1946 r.". Zesłaniec (in Polish). No. 2. Warszawa. p. 109.
  8. ^ Masiarz, p. 113
  9. ^ "Poland Foreign Policy". Polish Foreign Ministry.
  10. ^ Konwencja między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu w sprawie unikania podwójnego opodatkowania i zapobiegania uchylaniu się od opodatkowania w zakresie podatków od dochodu i majątku, sporządzona w Ałmaty dnia 21 września 1995 r., Dz. U., 1995, vol. 121, No. 586
  11. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy gospodarczej, sporządzona w Astanie dnia 6 lipca 2005 r., M.P., 2006, vol. 13, No. 173
  12. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie turystyki podpisana w Astanie dnia 29 marca 2007 r., M.P., 2008, vol. 6, No. 68
  13. ^ Umowa między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie obronności, podpisana w Astanie dnia 11 lipca 2012 r., M.P., 2018, No. 957
  14. ^ Porozumienie między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie edukacji, podpisane w Astanie dnia 15 września 2014 r., M.P., 2016, No. 649
  15. ^ Porozumienie między Rządem Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej a Rządem Republiki Kazachstanu o współpracy w dziedzinie rolnictwa, podpisane w Warszawie dnia 22 sierpnia 2016 r., M.P., 2017, No. 331
  16. ^ "Poland - Kazakhstan. Potential of cooperation is enormous". Polish Investment & Trade Agency.
  17. ^ "POLISH PRESIDENT STARTS OFFICIAL TRIP TO KAZAKHSTAN". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 29 October 1999.
  18. ^ "President of Kazakhstan visits Poland". csm.org.pl. Center for International Relations. Archived from the original on 2017-07-29. Retrieved 2017-07-29.
  19. ^ "Polish Ambassador to Kazakhstan Strongly Supports Silk Road Project". The Astana Times.
  20. ^ "Focus on Kazakhstan". Polish Investment & Trade Agency.
  21. ^ "PAIiIZ and Kaznex signed a cooperation agreement". Polish Investment & Trade Agency.
Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93Poland_relations
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