Lake metabolism: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 22:58, 1 December 2018
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Lake metabolism represents a lake ecosystem's balance between carbon fixation (gross primary production) and biological carbon oxidation (ecosystem respiration)[1]. Lake metabolism includes the carbon fixation and oxidation from all organism within the lake, from bacteria to fishes.
Concept
Estimates of lake metabolism typically rely on the measurement of dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide. Oxygen is produced and carbon dioxide consumed through photosynthesis and oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide produced through respiration.
Photosynthesis:
![{\displaystyle 6CO_{2}+6H_{2}O{\xrightarrow[{}]{light}}C_{6}H12O_{6}+6O_{2}}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/53335e49c5a8e80bc29d012e7514a2294cb2da36)
Respiration:
![{\displaystyle C_{6}H12O_{6}+6O_{2}{\xrightarrow[{}]{}}6CO_{2}+6H_{2}O}](https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/109110b74467f33d3e4faaf9ce9fea43793ceacf)
Photosynthesis and oxygen production only occurs in the presence of light, while the consumption of oxygen via respiration occurs in both the presence and absence of light. Lake metabolism terms include:
- GPP - gross photosynthesis
- R - total respiration
- - heterotrophic respiration
- - autotrophic respiration
- NEP - net ecosystem production = GPP - R
- NPP - net primary production = GPP -
Measurement techniques
Free-water dissolved oxygen
The free-water dissolved oxygen technique for estimating lake metabolism was first introduced in the 1950's[2], but was not widely used until the advancement of automated sensor technology[3][4]. Automated sensor technology enables measurement of dissolved oxygen during periods that are hard to measure manually such as during storms.
Free-water carbon dioxide
Similar to the free-water dissolved oxygen technique, this method measures diel dissolved gas that is produced and consumed from photosynthesis and respiration.
14C tracer
14C can be used along with light and dark bottles to estimate depth-specific pelagic metabolism, or whole-lake metabolism when used in conjunction with sediment chambers. There are "container effects" that are a common criticism to using this method[5].
18O tracer
This method uses spiked H218O and light bottles to measure the amount of O2 produced from photosynthesis.
Whole-lake carbon budget
Measuring all the inputs and outputs of carbon to and from a lake can be used to estimate net ecosystem production.
Metabolism models
The free-water measurement techniques require mathematical models to estimate lake metabolism metrics from dissolved gas measurements. These models range in complexity from simple algebraic models to depth-integrated modeling using more advanced statistical techniques.
See also
References
- ^ Winslow, Luke A.; Zwart, Jacob A.; Batt, Ryan D.; Dugan, Hilary A.; Woolway, R. Iestyn; Corman, Jessica R.; Hanson, Paul C.; Read, Jordan S. (January 2016). "LakeMetabolizer: an R package for estimating lake metabolism from free-water oxygen using diverse statistical models". Inland Waters. 6 (4): 622–636. doi:10.1080/iw-6.4.883. ISSN 2044-2041.
- ^ ODUM, HOWARD T. (April 1956). "Primary Production in Flowing Waters1". Limnology and Oceanography. 1 (2): 102–117. doi:10.4319/lo.1956.1.2.0102. ISSN 0024-3590.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Cole, Jonathan J.; Pace, Michael L.; Carpenter, Stephen R.; Kitchell, James F. (December 2000). "Persistence of net heterotrophy in lakes during nutrient addition and food web manipulations". Limnology and Oceanography. 45 (8): 1718–1730. doi:10.4319/lo.2000.45.8.1718. ISSN 0024-3590.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Staying afloat in the sensor data deluge". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 27 (2): 121–129. 2012-02-01. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.11.009. ISSN 0169-5347.
- ^ Bender, Michael; Grande, Karen; Johnson, Kenneth; Marra, John; Williams, Peter J. LeB.; Sieburth, John; Pilson, Michael; Langdon, Chris; Hitchcock, Gary (September 1987). "A comparison of four methods for determining planktonic community production1". Limnology and Oceanography. 32 (5): 1085–1098. doi:10.4319/lo.1987.32.5.1085. ISSN 0024-3590.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)