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City of Newcastle upon Tyne
Geography
Status:	Metropolitan borough, City (1882)
Region:	North East England
Ceremonial County:	Tyne and Wear
Area: - Total	Ranked 229th 113.44 km²
Admin. HQ:	Newcastle upon Tyne
ONS code:	00CJ
Demographics
Population: - Total (2004 est.) - Density	Ranked 28th 269,500 2,376 / km²
Ethnicity:	93.1% White 4.4% S.Asian
Politics
Arms of Newcastle upon Tyne City Council Newcastle upon Tyne City Council http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/
Leadership:	Leader & Cabinet
Executive:	Liberal Democrats
MPs:	Nick Brown, David Clelland, Jim Cousins, Doug Henderson

Newcastle upon Tyne, often shortened to Newcastle, is a city in the county of Tyne and Wear in North East England. It is also a unitary authority with a population of around 259,000 (2001 census). However, the metropolitan boroughs of North Tyneside (population c.190,000), South Tyneside (population c. 150,000) and Gateshead (population c.200,000) are also part of Newcastle's conurbation, giving the Newcastle-Gateshead metropolitan area a population of 799,000. Newcastle is the main city in North East England, and the 20th most populus city in England. As such, it is one of England's core cities.

Technically, people from Newcastle are Novocastrians, although the term Geordie is now more commonly used.

Newcastle, known at the time as "Pons Aelius" was founded by the Roman Emperor Hadrian, whose Wall is still visible in parts of Newcastle, particularly along the West Road that leads out from the city centre towards the A69 road. The course of the Wall can also be traced eastwards to Segedunum, which is today known as Wallsend.

After the Roman withdrawal from Britain, Newcastle became part of the powerful Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Northumbria and was known throughout this period as Monkchester. Pilgrims travelled to the City to visit the Holy Well of Jesus' Mount, in what is now Jesmond. One of Newcastle's biggest modern shopping streets, Pilgrim Street, is so-called because of the popularity of the well.

After a series of conflicts with the Danes and the devastation north of the River Tyne as a result of Odo's quelling of the 1080 rebellion against the Normans, Monkchester had all but been destroyed. Because of its strategic position, Robert Curthose, son of the Conqueror, erected a wooden castle there in 1080 and the town was henceforth known as Novum Castellum or Newcastle.

Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, and was an important stronghold in the Border war against Scotland. The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle in 1174, and Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town. Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century and around this time became a county corporate.

King Charles bestowed upon Newcastle the East of England coal trading rights. This monopoly helped Newcastle prosper, but it had its impact on the growth of near-neigbours Sunderland, causing a Tyne-Wear rivalry that still exists today. During the English Civil War, Newcastle supported the king. The city was stormed by Cromwell's Scots allies (who were based in pro-Parliament Sunderland) 'with roaring drummes' in 1644, following defeat at the Battle of Boldon Hill. The grateful King bestowed the motto FORTITER DEFENDIT TRIUMPHANS upon the town. Ironically, Charles was imprisoned in Newcastle by the Scots in 1646-7.

Newcastle's development as a major city owed much to its central role in the export of coal from the Northumberland coalfields. The phrase Taking coals to Newcastle was first recorded in 1538. In the nineteenth century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the nation's prosperity. Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the development of Safety lamps, Stephenson's Rocket, and Charles Algernon Parsons' invention and commercialisation of the steam turbine, leading to his Turbinia, the revolution of marine propulsion and the availability of cheap electricity.

Mosley Street, in the centre of the City, is claimed to be the first in the world to have electric street lighting though this is contested. Heavy industries in Newcastle declined in the second half of the twentieth century; office and retail employment are now the City's staples.

The city has an extensive neoclassical centre, largely developed in the 1830s by Richard Grainger and John Dobson, and recently extensively restored. Grey Street, which curves down from Grey's Monument towards the valley of the River Tyne, has a claim to be one of England's most beautiful urban streets. A large portion of Grainger Town was demolished in the 1960s to make way for the Eldon Square shopping centre.

Immediately to the northwest of the city centre is Leazes Park, a park established in 1873 after a petition by 3,000 working men of the city for "ready access to some open ground for the purpose of health and recreation", and in one corner of which is St James' Park, the stadium home of Newcastle United F.C. which dominates the view of the city from the south.

Another green space in Newcastle is the vast Town Moor, lying immediately north of the city centre. The hereditary freemen of the city have held the right to graze cattle on the Town Moor since the Middle Ages — a reward for defending the town against the marauding Scots! The Hoppings funfair, said to be the largest travelling fair in Europe, is held here annually in June.

The wooded gorge of the Ouseburn in the east of the city is known as Jesmond Dene and forms another popular recreation area, linked with Armstrong Park and Heaton Park to the Ouseburn Valley, where the burn finally reaches the River Tyne.

The development of the city in the 1960s and 1970s was marred by a corruption scandal involving, especially, T. Dan Smith, a local politician and John Poulson, a property developer. Echoes of the scandal were revisited in the late 1990s in the BBC TV mini-series, Our Friends in the North.

One of the major meeting areas in Newcastle is Old Eldon Square, often referred to as 'The Green', and is a congregation site for hundreds of people every day. There are currently plans with the Newcastle City Council to change Old Eldon Square slightly, in order to create new outward-facing retail and restaurant outlets for the Eldon Square shopping centre. As of January 2006, preliminary construction for these outlets is due to being shortly.

The Tyne itself passes through a gorge between Newcastle (on the North Bank) and Gateshead (the administratively separate Borough and urban area south of the river), which is famous for a series of dramatic and notable bridges such as the Tyne Bridge and High Level Bridge shared by Newcastle and Gateshead. Large scale regeneration of the Tyne Gorge has replaced former shipping industries with imposing new office developments; an innovative tilting bridge, the Gateshead Millennium Bridge was commissioned by Gateshead and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art and the Norman Foster designed The Sage Gateshead music centre. As a tourist promotion, Newcastle and Gateshead have linked together under the banner NewcastleGateshead but both remain separate for other purposes.

Notable housing developments include the Byker Wall in Byker, east of the city centre, designed in the 1960s and now Grade II-listed.

Newcastle's thriving Chinatown, which grew from a small nucleus of Chinese eating establishments in the 1980s, lies in the northwest of Grainger Town, centered on Stowell Street. A new Chinese Arch, or paifang, providing a landmark entrance was handed over to the City with a ceremony in 2005.

The UK's first Biotechnology Village, the "Centre for Life" is located in the City Centre close to the Central Station. The village is the first step in the City Council's plans to transform Newcastle into a Science city [1].

Newcastle International Airport located near Ponteland is the fastest growing airport in the UK. The airport currently handles a little under five million passengers per year, with more than 80 destinations available world-wide. A journey from the city center to the Airport takes some 15 minutes by car or 20 minutes on the Tyne and Wear Metro service.

File:Newcastle station.jpg

Newcastle Central station was the first of the great train sheds and was much copied across the UK. It has a fine classical frontage designed by the architect John Dobson and was constructed in collaboration with Robert Stephenson. The station was opened in 1850 by Queen Victoria, with the first services being operated by the North Eastern Railway company.

Today, the station is a principal stop on the East Coast Main Line and Cross Country Route. Train operator GNER provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London, with a journey time of around three hours, while Virgin Trains, Northern Rail and Transpennine Express operate regular services towards Birmingham, Bristol, Carlisle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Leeds, Liverpool and Sheffield.

Local services departing from Newcastle operate along the Durham Coast and Tyne Valley lines. Some local services also stop at the city's smaller Manors railway station.

In 1904, the North Eastern Railway built an electric suburban railway serving both banks of the Tyne, and the northern suburbs. This system has been transformed into the Tyne and Wear Metro which extends as far as Newcastle Airport, Tynemouth and South Hylton in Sunderland. The system is one of only four underground systems in the United Kingdom.

The Metro is usually described as Britain's first modern light rail system. However, it can be considered a hybrid system, displaying elements of light rail, heavy underground metro, and longer-distance, higher speed suburban and interurban railway systems.

The system carries approximately 40 million passenger journey's per year, and is co-ordinated by the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. Plans exist to expand the system with the introduction of street-running trams, however, this unlikely to happen until at least 2015 due to cost implications.

Major roads in the area include the A1 western-bypass, A19, A69, and A1058 "coast road".

Newcastle also has access to an international Ferry Terminal, located at nearby North Shields, offering services to destinations including: Amsterdam, Kristiansand, Stavanger, and Bergen.

A local ferry service also operates between nearby North Shields and South Shields.

Newcastle and the surrounding area has an extensive bus network that is coordinated by Nexus, the Tyne and Wear Passenger Transport Executive. Buses are operated mainly by Go North East, Arriva and Stagecoach North East.

Quayside Transit, a £5m bus scheme using ultra low emission hybrid diesel-electric vehicles was launched in July 2005.

File:Newcastle United crest.png

The City has a strong sporting tradition, being home to Premiership football team Newcastle United, and Guinness Premiership rugby union side Newcastle Falcons, for whom England's "(Rugby Union) World Cup winning hero" Jonny Wilkinson features.

The city's Metro Radio Arena is home to Newcastle Vipers ice hockey team, and Newcastle Eagles basketball team. The City's Speedway team Newcastle Diamonds are based at Brough Park in Byker, a venue that is also home to greyhound racing. Newcastle Racecourse at High Gosforth Park holds regular meets, including the prestigious race for the Northumberland Plate, which takes place in June each year.

Newcastle also hosts the start of the annual BUPA Great North Run, the world's largest half marathon in which participants famously race over the Tyne Bridge into Gateshead and then towards the finish line 21 km away on the coast at neighbouring South Shields. Another famous race is the 5.7 mile Blaydon Race, which takes place annually on June 9 commemorating a horse meeting at the Gateshead town of Blaydon.

The city has two universities, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne that earned the coveted Sunday Times University of the Year award in 2000 and the newer Northumbria University that was established in 1992 and was voted 'Best New University' by the Times Good University Guide 2005.

There are eleven LEA-funded 11 to 18 schools and seven independent schools with sixth forms in Newcastle. The Newcastle Royal Grammar School is often claimed to be one of the foremost schools in the North of England. Newcastle College is the largest general further education (FE) college in the North East.

Some 45% of Newcastle's school pupils live in wards which are amongst the 10% most deprived in England.

Newcastle has a reputation of being a fun-loving city with many bars, restaurants and night clubs. It consistently features in lists of the top ten party cities in the world. Recently, Newcastle has become popular as a destination for Stag and Hen parties.

The majority of clubs in Newcastle are located in three main areas. The oldest of these is the Bigg Market a favourite haunt for the more indigenous of the locals, followed by the trendy Quayside area, a spectacular mix of modern and classic architecture which creates a fantastic backdrop for a sometimes frantic Saturday night. The newest is "The Gate", which is a new indoor complex consisting of bars, upmarket clubs, restaurants and a 12-screen Odeon multiplex cinema.

Pubs and bars are located throughout the city, though there are more in the areas mentioned above. In addition the area around Central Station features a heavy concentration of pubs; this area attracts more real ale drinkers than other parts of the city centre. Beyond the Quayside, towards Byker in the Ouseburn Valley there is a cluster of interesting pubs providing real ale and live music.

Over recent years, the suburb of Jesmond has become a popular drinking area, with a number of bars and restaurants being set up along the area's main artery, Osborne Road. These tend to be popular with the area's students and young professionals.

A growth in the Theatre Culture has taken place in recent years, centred on the impressive Theatre Royal on Grey Street, which for over 25 years has hosted a season of performances from the Royal Shakespeare Company. Other Theatres in the City include the Tyne Opera House, the Newcastle Playhouse (which is currently undergoing redevelopment), the Live Theatre, the Peoples Theatre and the Gulbenkian Studio. There are several other venues in and around Newcastle, such as: Newcastle City Hall, Newcastle Arena and The Sage Gateshead.

The 1960s saw internationally successful rock group, The Animals, emerge from Newcastle night spots such as Club A-Go-Go on Percy Street. Other well-known acts with connections to the city include Sting, Dire Straits, and more recently Maxïmo Park. There is also a thriving underground music scene that encompasses a variety of styles, including Drum and Bass and Post-rock, the latter having produced such luminaries as Peace Burial at Sea in recent years.

Lindisfarne are a folk group with a strong Tyneside connection. Their most famous song is "Fog on the Tyne" (1971), which was also covered by ex-footballer (and Geordie) Paul Gascoigne in the 1990s.

Venom, reckoned by many to be the originators of black metal, formed in Newcastle in 1979. The Wildhearts are another band with Newcastle roots.

On October 14 2005, the 2,000 capacity Carling Academy Newcastle opened, providing a new music venue in the city centre. The opening night was headlined by The Futureheads and the profile of the venue has attracted a greater variety of bands to play in the city. The Carling Academy Newcastle is the newest in a string of Academies to be opened across the UK.

There are several major shopping areas in Newcastle city centre. The largest of these is the Eldon Square shopping centre, which incorporates the largest Fenwick department store in the UK and a John Lewis store.

The main shopping street in the city is Northumberland Street, which runs from the Haymarket metro station to the Monument. The wholly pedestrianised Northumberland Street is home to retailers such as Marks and Spencer, Primark and HMV. In a 2004 report, it was ranked as the most expensive shopping road in the UK for rent, outside of London.

Other shopping centres in Newcastle include the relatively modern Eldon Garden and Monument Mall complexes, the Newgate Centre, Leazes Arcade and the traditional Grainger Market. The largest indoor shopping centre in Europe, The MetroCentre in Gateshead is also nearby.

The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event had its origins in the Temperance movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park.

Newcastle has two cathedrals, the Anglican St. Nicholas and the Roman Catholic St. Mary's. Cardinal Basil Hume was born in the city in 1923.

Newcastle is home to one of the largest Anglican churches in the country, Jesmond Parish Church.

No records exist of Jews being resident in Newcastle before 1830 although there is a tradition that the community dates from 1775. It is thought, however, that over 500 years prior to this Jews resided in Silver Street (formerly known as Jew Gate). On October 8 1832, the congregation was formally established. The cathedral bells were rung when the first synagogue, in Temple Street, was officially opened on July 13 1838. The Newcastle Courant published a headline in Hebrew.

By 1845 the congregation had grown to 33 adults and 33 children. Through the course of time nearly all the original founders either died or had left the city, but the influx of Polish and Russian immigrants had more than replaced this loss.

An imposing stone building was erected in Leazes Park Road in 1880 and consecrated by the Chief Rabbi. At that time the number of Jews in Newcastle was about 750. The congregation was in being until 1978

Sir Israel Brodie, the first Chief Rabbi to be knighted, was born in Newcastle in 1895.

There were many more developments and synagogues in Newcastle during the 20th century: Corporation Street Synagogue (1904–1924), Jesmond Synagogue (1914–1986), Ravensworth Terrace Synagogue (1925–1969), and Gosforth and Kenton Hebrew Congregation (1947–1984)

With the drift of population from the West End of Newcastle, Jesmond synagogue was consecrated in 1914 leaving the oldest, the Leazes Park Road Synagogue in the centre of the city. A third synagogue was built in Gosforth, the Gosforth and Kenton Hebrew congregation. Eventually the running of the three Orthodox Congregations was considered as being uneconomical and with a declining population in other parts of the town a new purpose built Community Centre and Synagogue was built in Gosforth at Culzean Park in an area in which the majority of Jews resided. A new Reform movement Synagogue was built in 1986 nearby and continues to flourish.

ITV franchisee Tyne Tees Television recently moved its headquarters from City Road to a new facility on The Watermark business park next to the MetroCentre in Gateshead. The entrance to the City Road complex gave its name to the 1980s television programme, The Tube.

The regional headquarters for the BBC are located on Barrack Road to the north of the city, from where the Corporation broadcasts the Look North television show and BBC Radio Newcastle.

Independent radio stations include Metro Radio, which is based on the Swan House roundabout on the north side of the Tyne Bridge. Century FM is based just off the Gateshead side of the bridge. Galaxy 105-106 broadcasts across Newcastle from its studios in nearby Wallsend.

As the signal from the Pontop Pike Television Transmitter is unreliable in Newcastle (due to the contours of the land), most visual and audio transmissions in Newcastle are relayed via the local Fenham transmitter, which lies in the West of the city, near the BBC Barrack Road centre.

Local newspapers that are printed in Newcastle include Trinity Mirror's Evening Chronicle and The Journal, as well as the Metro freesheet. The Crack is a monthly style and listings magazine similar to London's Time Out. Adult comic Viz originated in Newcastle.

Focused on the Times Square area near the Centre for Life, the "Pink Triangle" hosts approximately 12–14 bars and pubs, and two clubs, Powerhouse and The Loft. The community has seen much expansion in the past five years, with further growth planned in the future. The development of the Pink Triangle was a planned development promoted by the Regional Development Agency.

In 2001 Newcastle planned to host a Gay Pride festival (BBC Radio 1's 'Love Parade 2001') but this was cancelled at the last minute. Radio 1 had set Newcastle City Council a deadline to resolve outstanding issues required by the City's Police. The deadline expired, Newcastle's Labour Council failing to meet the conditions of the Entertainment Licence in time to stage a safe event. The Police had turned down revised plans from the City Council. In the end, the BBC instead put on a dance music event in nearby Whitley Bay.

• Rudolph Abel - Soviet super-spy
• Thomas Addison - Diagnostician (Addison's Disease)
• Donna Air - Television presenter
• Mark Akenside - Poet and physician
• Paul W. S. Anderson - Film maker, producer and screenwriter
• Anthony McPartlin and Declan Donnelly - Light entertainers (Ant and Dec)
• Lord Armstrong - Engineer and industrialist
• Ove Arup - Architect and civil engineer
• Mary Astell - Writer ('The first English feminist')
• Peter Beardsley - Footballer
• Israel Brodie - Chief Rabbi of Great Britain
• Basil Bunting - First English modernist poet
• Eric Burdon - Singer (The Animals)
• Lord Collingwood - Nelson's second-in-command at Trafalgar
• Jack Common - Writer, friend of Orwell
• Lord Eldon - Lord Chancellor of England
• Elizabeth Elstob - Anglo-Saxon scholar
• Sir Terry Farrell - Architect
• Sir John Fife - Surgeon and political activist
• John Forster - Friend and biographer of Dickens. The model for Mr Podsnap.
• Richard Grainger - Architect
• Lee Hall - Playwright (Billy Elliot screenplay)
• John Hancock - Zoologist (Hancock Museum)
• William Hardcastle - Pioneer BBC radio news presenter
• Tim Healy - Actor
• Michelle Heaton - member of Liberty X
• Jack Higgins - Thriller writer
• Alan Hull - Musician (Lindisfarne)
• Basil Hume - Cardinal in Roman Catholic church
• Charles Hutton - Mathematician
• Wilfred Josephs - Composer
• Graham Laidler - Cartoonist (Pont of Punch)
• Ian La Frenais - TV scriptwriter ('Porridge', 'The Likely Lads')
• Gerald Laing - Sculptor
• Lady Lucinda Lambton - Writer, photographer, television presenter and producer
• Hank Marvin - Guitarist, singer, and songwriter
• Jimmy Nail - Actor, singer, and writer
• Brian Redhead - Author, journalist and broadcaster
• Lewis Fry Richardson - Meteorologist
• Thomas Miles Richardson - Painter. 'Newcastle's Turner'.
• Lord Stowell - Legal authority
• Alan Shearer - Footballer
• Nancy Spain - Author, journalist and TV personality
• Thomas Spence - Utopian writer
• George Stephenson - Locomotive engineer; Father of the Railway
• Robert Stephenson - Son of George, locomotive engineer, railway and bridge builder
• Peter Taylor, Baron Taylor of Gosforth - Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales
• Andy Taylor - Musician, Duran Duran
• Bill Travers - Actor
• Cheryl Tweedy - Member of pop group Girls Aloud
• 'Seaman' Tommy Watson - British featherweight champion

• Janet Adam Smith - Critic, anthologist, wife of Michael Roberts
• David Almond - Prize-winning author (Skellig)
• Charles Avison - Composer and impresario
• William Beilby - Glass enameller
• Thomas Bewick - Engraver and ornithologist
• Sid Chaplin - Writer
• Joseph Cowen - Radical MP and newspaper owner
• Jon Crook - Founder/Owner of JDI Computers
• Richard Dawes - Classical scholar
• John Dobson - Architect
• Jonathan Edwards - Olympic champion
• Eca de Queiros - Diplomat and novelist, 'the Portuguese Dickens'.
• John Meade Falkner - Head of Armstrongs and novelist (Moonfleet)
• Mrs Gaskell - Novelist
• Thomas Michael Greenhow - Surgeon
• Tony Harrison - Poet
• Oliver Heaviside - Engineer, mathematician and physicist
• Arthur Henderson - Politician, founder of the modern Labour Party
• Sir George Hunter - Shipbuilder
• Eva Ibbotson - Children's writer (Which Witch?)
• Harold Jeffreys - Geologist, mathematician and astronomer
• W. E. Johns - Adventure writer (Biggles)
• Mark Knopfler - Dire Straits guitarist
• John Knox - Scottish religious reformer
• Rosamond Lehmann - Novelist
• Jean-Paul Marat - French revolutionary
• John Marley - Mayor of Newcastle. Royalist defender of the city in 1644 siege.
• John Martin - Painter
• Harriet Martineau - Writer and journalist
• Esther McCracken - Playwright
• Mary Midgley - Philosopher
• Henry Miller - Surgeon and broadcaster
• Charles Mitchell - Shipbuilder
• Sir Andrew Noble - Arms manufacturer and scientist
• Sean O'Brien - Poet, playwright and critic
• Michael Owen - Football star currently with Newcastle United
• Charles Parsons - Engineer
• Billy Purvis - 19th century comedian.
• James Ramsay - Painter
• John Wigham Richardson - Quaker industrialist
• Michael Roberts - Poet and critic
• Diana Ross - Children's author (The Little Red Engine)
• John Hunter Rutherford - Educationist and philanthropist
• William Bell Scott - Poet and Pre-raphaelite painter.
• Jon Silkin - Poet
• John Snow - Anaesthetist and epidemiologist
• Sir James Calvert Spence - Paediatrician
• Cecil Philip Taylor - Playwright
• Ellen Ternan - Actress, Dickens' mistress
• Roger Thornton - Wealthy 15th century merchant and philanthropist
• Linden Travers - Actress
• Thomas Trotter Physician (cured Nelson's other eye)
• Bruce Welch - Guitarist, singer, and record producer
• John Wesley - Founder of Methodism
• Kevin Whately - Actor
• Joe Wilson - Song-writer
• Ludwig Wittgenstein - Philosopher
• Dorothy Wordsworth - Diarist, sister of William
• Yevgeny Zamyatin - Russian novelist, (We)

• Hancock Museum (Natural History)
• Military Vehicle Museum
• Discovery Museum (Science and Local History)
• Laing Art Gallery
• Centre for Life
• Museum of Antiquities
• Seven Stories, The Centre for Children's Books (Ouseburn Valley)
• Hatton Gallery
• Newcastle Castle Keep and Blackgate
• Blackfriars, Newcastle
• Bessie Surtees House (Quayside)
• Royal Grammar School, Newcastle
• Eldon Square shopping centre

• BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art (Gateshead)
• The Sage Gateshead music centre
• Shipley Gallery (Gateshead)
• Segedunum Roman Fort (Wallsend)
• Arbeia Roman Fort (South Shields)
• George Stephenson Railway Museum (North Shields)
• Blue Reef Aquarium Sea Life Centre (Tynemouth)
• Bede's World (Jarrow)
• Metrocentre out-of-town shopping centre (Gateshead)
• South Shields Museum (South Shields)
• Beamish Open Air Museum (Stanley)
• St Mary's Lighthouse (Whitley Bay)

The following countries have consular offices in Newcastle:

• The Royal Norwegian Consulate: 14 Grey Street, NE1 6AE
• Honorary Consulate of the Netherlands : The Cube, Barrack Road, NE4 6DB
• Honorary Consulate of Sweden: 2 Osborne Road, Jesmond, NE2 2AA
• Honorary Consulate of Italy: 63 High Bridge, NE1 1DU

- Bergen – Norway - Groningen – Netherlands - Gelsenkirchen – Germany - Nancy – France - Taiyuan – China

- Atlanta – United States - Haifa – Israel - Newcastle – Australia, on the Hunter River and also a coal hub. - Newcastle – South Africa

• River Tyne, England
• University of Newcastle upon Tyne
• Newcastle Brown Ale
• Northumbria University
• Hadrians Wall
• Gateshead Millennium Bridge
• Byker Wall award winning redevelopment east of the city.

• City of Newcastle upon Tyne website (Newcastle City Council)
• Tyne Bridge Publishing
• Tyne and Wear Metro
• Nexus – Public Transport information in the Newcastle area.
• Aerial photo of the bridges over the River Tyne at Newcastle, from Multimap
• VR Newcastle Virtual Tour of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne
• Tyne & Wear Museums
• [2] Myers Newcastle Timeline etc.
• GigListings The North East Music Guide
• Toon Freecycle matches people who have things they want to get rid of with people who can use them
• North East Freecycle Café Group
• A brief history of Newcastle upon Tyne
• Hadrians Wall World Heritage Site
• Newcastle United Football Club – Unofficial
• Newcastle News
• BBC Tyne Website
• Newcastle Speedway
• Newcastle Greyhounds
• Newcastle Racecourse
• Newcastle Falcons
• Newcastle Eagles
• Newcastle Vipers
• Newcastle Tango Society
• Geordie Dialect
• Eldon Square Shopping Centre
• Livejournal Newcastle Community
• Century Radio
• BBC Radio Newcastle
• Metro Radio
• Metro Radio Community
• The Crack Magazine

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