Megacopta cribraria

Megacopta cribraria
A glossy olive brown bug with black speckles facing right on a green leaf: The bug has a rounded squat shape with six legs, protruding red brown eyes, and prominent antennae.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Heteroptera
Infraorder: Pentatomomorpha
Superfamily: Pentatomoidea
Family: Plataspidae
Genus: Megacopta
Species:
M. cribraria
Binomial name
Megacopta cribraria
(Fabricius, 1798)
Synonyms

Homotypic

  • Cimex cribraria Fabricius, 1798
  • Tetyra cribraria (Fabricius, 1798)
  • Thyreocoris cribrarius (Fabricius, 1798)
  • Coptosoma cribrarium (Fabricius, 1798)

Heterotypic

  • Coptosoma xanthochlora Walker 1867
  • Megacopta punctatissima (Montandon, 1894)
Distribution of Megacopta cribraria in the USA (2009–2012)
Figure 1. Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius 1798) [1] collected in GA, Baldwin CO on 21 Sept 2024 by S. Mears

Megacopta cribraria, also called the bean plataspid, kudzu bug, globular stink bug and lablab bug, is a shield bug native to India and China, where it is an agricultural pest of lablab beans and other legumes.[2] The bug, while harmless to houseplants and people, often enters houses. It is attracted to white surfaces such as the walls of houses or white vehicles, because of the high reflectance of the white surfaces as it relates to the bugs' simple eyes. As a defense mechanism, they emit a foul-smelling pheromone that also acts as a congregation pheromone. Aside from smelling foul, the liquid also creates a burning sensation and sometimes leaves a red welt on bare skin.[3] It is similar to other Plataspidae in having a somewhat unusual symbiotic relationship with its gut bacteria. Before laying eggs, females deposit particles containing the symbiont, which are then eaten by newly hatched nymphs under natural conditions. Nymphs experimentally deprived of access to the symbiont exhibited slower growth, smaller body sizes and higher mortality.[4]

Megacopta punctatissima, the Japanese common stinkbug, is a name applied to Japanese populations of M. cribraria. It has a gut bacteria that allows it to consume crops such as soybean plants. The two used to be treated as distinct species, but phylogenetic work has found the two to be not distinct. What is called M. cribraria in the United States likely decends from a population of "M. punctatissima" from Kyushu, Japan.[5] The Japanese (JA) population is closest to the East Asian continental (EAC) population. The two diverged 0.71 Mya (million years ago), when the East China Sea land bridge became submerged. The EAC population branched off from the Southeast Asian (SEA) population 1.34 Mya.[6]

The bean plataspid gives off an offensive odor when touched, squashed, or poked. Hosted by wisteria, green beans, and other legumes, the insect sucks juice from the stems of soybean plants and reduces crop yield. However, when the insect infests kudzu, another invasive species, it appreciably reduces the growth of that plant.[3]

Anatomy

Like other plataspid stinkbugs, this bug has a peculiar anatomy where the digestive tract is disconnected midway. The gut is normally organized in nymphs, but the midgut becomes disconnected during development. The anterior midgut is where food digestion occurs and the posterior midgut becomes enlarged as an organ specialized for holding symbiotic bacteria. Waste is excreted through the Malpighian tubules into the hindgut.[7]

Ecology

In 2011 in its invasive range in Georgia, M. cribraria's aggregation score - Taylor's Power Law/Taylor's Law b - had an extremely high slope for adults. The badults was 3.27 ± 0.115 and badults > bnymphs > beggs. By the next year - and continuing at least into 2013 - the adult score was much lower and the order was reversed, with beggs > bnymphs > badults.[8]

Hosts

Populations harboring "M. punctatissima"-type microbiomes (Japan; North American invasive) are able to infest Glycine max (soybean) and a few other crop species.[9] North American populations also feed on kudzu, which acts as a major food source and reservior.[5]

Various populations are able to feed on Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Lablab purpureus (lablab), Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (guar),[10] and Sesbania bispinosa (danchi).[5]

Microbiome

Females are found by Hosokawa et al. (2008) to produce pellets with their own microbiome species and deposit them near their eggs. Larvae then search for and consume these. If these pellets are absent they will search more than those successfully finding pellets, suggesting that microbiome provision is indeed the purpose of this entire process and this is not accidental.[11]

The bugs carry Wolbachia and "Ca. Ishikawella" symbioants. Some also carry Arsenophonus.[12]

Ishikawella

Main article: Ishikawella

M. cribraria lives in symbiosis with a γ-proteobacterium called "Candidatus Ishikawella capsulata".[a][14] This bacterium lives in the enlarged posterior midgut of the insect without entering insect cells.[7]

Hosokawa et al. (2007) finds "M. punctatissima" and not M. cribraria to be naturally able to infest soybean, but that this is solely due to Ishikawaella and can be experimentally induced in M. cribraria by giving it "M. punctatissima"'s symbiont.[15][16][17] This sharp difference in function is produced by a very small genetic difference: Hosokawa et al. (2007) finds their 16S ribosomal RNAs to be 99.9% identical[14] and more recent phylogenetic work finds them to be simply the same species.[6]

Brown et al. (2014) compared the genomes of Ca. Ishikawella recovered from the bug's eastern North American invasive (NAi) range and found very little variation in their genomes. They carried symbioants very similar to the "M. punctatissima" of Japan, with only 47 fixed differences and one amino acid change. They concluded that the bug must have arrived with a symbioant that gives it the ability to feed on soybean, without needing any switch.[18] This conclusion was supported by phylogenetic work finding that the NAi population to be descended from the JA population.[6]

The Ishikawella strains carried by the insect has co-evolved with its host as it radiated from SEA, to EAC, and to JA. Various Ishikawella strains also colonize the guts of other Megacopta species and various Brachyplatys species.[12]

Southeastern United States

Santee National Wildlife Refuge, SC, USA

In the Southeastern United States, M. cribraria is an invasive species, and was first noticed in northeastern Georgia in 2009.[19][8] As of 2012, it was spreading rapidly into the surrounding states of Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. It has recently begun to invade Maryland and Mississippi, as well. In 2017, M. cribraria was observed in Texas.[20]

The bug causes problems not only for agricultural operations, but is also a major nuisance pest for residents. It "gathers in huge numbers in houses or other structures, seeking shelters in autumn." When disturbed it gives out an unpleasant smell. It also "produces a yellow substance when crushed that can stain cloth, wood and other surfaces." It is also reported to occasionally cause skin irritation.[5]

Current research

Universities and corporations throughout the Southeastern United States have begun research into alternative means of dealing with the kudzu bug. Universities in Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, such as North Carolina State University and Georgia State University, have produced publications since 2011 until 2014 regarding M. cribraria pest management. One recent work demonstrates that the kudzu bug's diet in Alabama is broader than originally believed.[21]

In theory the complete dependence of the pest upon the symbiont for pest phenotype recommends an easy control method: Deliberately provide Ishikawaella which is defective on G. max. Even better this would then be transmitted vertically. However, because the effective symbiont is also already present in the target population, there is no reason to think that the defective symbiont would overwhelm or even persist alongside the pest enabling symbiont.[16]

References

  1. ^ Genus "Candidatus Ishikawella". Authors proposed name as "Candidatus Ishikawaella capsulata", which is treated by Oren (and on LPSN) as an inaccurate spelling.[13]
  1. ^ Abbott, John C.; Abbott, Kendra (2023). Insects of North America. Princeton field guides. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-23285-0. OCLC 1330197699.
  2. ^ Dowdy, Sharon (November 10, 2009). "Bug found in Georgia a threat to soybeans?". Southeast Farm Press. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
  3. ^ a b Dowdy, Sharon (Aug 29, 2011). "Kudzu bug spreading rapidly across Southern states". Southeast Farm Press. Retrieved Aug 29, 2011.
  4. ^ Horn, Scott & James L. Hanula (January 2011). "Influence of Trap Color on Collection of the Recently-Introduced Bean Plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae)". Journal of Entomological Science. 46 (1): 85–87. doi:10.18474/0749-8004-46.1.85. S2CID 6862031.
  5. ^ a b c d "Megacopta cribraria is an emerging pest of soybean in the USA: addition to the EPPO Alert List". EPPO Global Database. September 2014.
  6. ^ a b c Zhu, Xiuxiu; Zheng, Chenguang; Dong, Xue; Zhang, Haiguang; Ye, Zhen; Xue, Huaijun; Bu, Wenjun (November 2022). "Species boundary and phylogeographical pattern provide new insights into the management efforts of Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), a bean bug invading North America". Pest Management Science. 78 (11): 4871–4881. doi:10.1002/ps.7108.
  7. ^ a b Hosokawa, T; Kikuchi, Y; Nikoh, N; Shimada, M; Fukatsu, T (October 2006). "Strict host-symbiont cospeciation and reductive genome evolution in insect gut bacteria". PLoS biology. 4 (10): e337. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040337. PMID 17032065.
  8. ^ a b Taylor, R. A. J. (2019). Taylor's Power Law : Order and Pattern in Nature. London: Academic Press. pp. xviii+639. ISBN 978-0-12-810987-8. OCLC 1105557028.
  9. ^ Hosokawa, T; Kikuchi, Y; Shimada, M; Fukatsu, T (22 August 2007). "Obligate symbiont involved in pest status of host insect". Proceedings. Biological sciences. 274 (1621): 1979–84. doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0620. PMID 17567556.
  10. ^ Omkar (2016). "1 Insects and Pests". Ecofriendly pest management for food security. London, UK: Academic Press. pp. xii+750. ISBN 978-0-12-803265-7. OCLC 938789056. ISBN 978-0-12-803266-4. ISBN 0-12-803265-0. ISBN 0-12-803266-9.
  11. ^ Sarkar, Amar; Harty, Siobhán; Lehto, Soili M.; Moeller, Andrew H.; Dinan, Timothy G.; Dunbar, Robin I.M.; Cryan, John F.; Burnet, Philip W.J. (2018). "The Microbiome in Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 22 (7). Cell Press: 611–636. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.04.006. ISSN 1364-6613. PMID 29907531. S2CID 49223741.
  12. ^ a b Wang, Yuan; Zhu, Xiu‐Xiu; Xiao, Bo‐Ren; Hou, Xin‐Rui; Liu, Yu‐Xin; Zhou, Jia‐Yue; Ren, Yi‐Peng; Bu, Wen‐Jun; Xue, Huai‐Jun (November 2024). "Diversity of the Obligate Gut Bacteria Indicates Host–Symbiont Coevolution at the Population Level in the Plataspid Stinkbug Megacopta cribraria". Ecology and Evolution. 14 (11). doi:10.1002/ece3.70611.
  13. ^ genus/ishikawella entry in LPSN; Parte, Aidan C.; Sardà Carbasse, Joaquim; Meier-Kolthoff, Jan P.; Reimer, Lorenz C.; Göker, Markus (1 November 2020). "List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) moves to the DSMZ". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 70 (11): 5607–5612. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004332.
  14. ^ a b Turnbaugh, Peter J.; Gordon, Jeffrey I. (2008). "An Invitation to the Marriage of Metagenomics and Metabolomics". Cell. 134 (5). Cell Press: 708–713. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.08.025. ISSN 0092-8674. PMID 18775300. S2CID 12427440.
  15. ^ Frago, Enric; Dicke, Marcel; Godfray, H. Charles J. (2012). "Insect symbionts as hidden players in insect–plant interactions". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 27 (12). Cell Press: 705–711. Bibcode:2012TEcoE..27..705F. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2012.08.013. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 22985943.
  16. ^ a b Arora, Arinder K.; Douglas, Angela E. (2017). "Hype or opportunity? Using microbial symbionts in novel strategies for insect pest control". Journal of Insect Physiology. 103. Elsevier: 10–17. Bibcode:2017JInsP.103...10A. doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.09.011. ISSN 0022-1910. PMID 28974456.
  17. ^ Vavre, Fabrice; Kremer, Natacha (2014-10-01). "Microbial impacts on insect evolutionary diversification: from patterns to mechanisms" (PDF). Current Opinion in Insect Science. 4. Elsevier: 29–34. Bibcode:2014COIS....4...29V. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2014.08.003. ISSN 2214-5745. PMID 28043405.
  18. ^ Brown, AMV; Huynh, LY; Bolender, CM; Nelson, KG; McCutcheon, JP (March 2014). "Population genomics of a symbiont in the early stages of a pest invasion". Molecular ecology. 23 (6): 1516–1530. doi:10.1111/mec.12366. PMID 23841878.
  19. ^ Douglas, Angela E. (2015-01-07). "Multiorganismal Insects: Diversity and Function of Resident Microorganisms". Annual Review of Entomology. 60 (1). Annual Reviews: 17–34. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-020822. ISSN 0066-4170. PMC 4465791. PMID 25341109.
  20. ^ "Kudzu Bug Distribution - Kudzu Bug". 7 December 2022.
  21. ^ Lovejoy, Riley T.; Johnson, David A. (2014). "A Molecular Analysis of Herbivory in Adults of the Invasive Bean Plataspid, Megacopta cribraria". Southeastern Naturalist. 13 (4). Humboldt Field Research Institute: 663–672. doi:10.1656/058.013.0412. ISSN 1528-7092. S2CID 21315011.

Further reading

allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacopta_cribraria