Grodno Governorate

Grodno Governorate
Гродненская губерния
Governorate
Coat of arms of Grodno Governorate
Coat of arms
Location in the Russian Empire
Location in the Russian Empire
Location in the western part of the Russian Empire
Location in the western part of the Russian Empire
CountryRussian Empire
KraiNorthwestern
Established1801
Abolished1918
CapitalGrodno
Area
 • Total
38,671.5 km2 (14,931.1 sq mi)
Population
 (1897)
 • Total
1,603,409
 • Density41.4623/km2 (107.387/sq mi)
 • Urban
15.60%
 • Rural
84.40%
Northwestern Krai Governorates
1821 Grodno Governorate Map (in Russian and Polish)
1834 Grodno Governorate Map
Grodno Governorate (in Russian)

Grodno Governorate[a] was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Northwestern Krai of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Grodno. It encompassed 38,671.5 square kilometres (14,931.1 mi2) in area and consisted of a population of 1,603,409 inhabitants by 1897. Grodno Governorate was bordered by Suwałki Governorate to the north, Vilna Governorate to the northeast, Minsk Governorate to the east, Volhynia Governorate to the south, Kholm Governorate to the west, and Łomża Governorate to the northwest. The governorate covered the areas of modern-day Grodno Region of Belarus, part of the Podlaskie Voivodeship of Poland, and a small part of Druskininkai, Lazdijai and Varėna districts of Lithuania.

Overview

Grodno, a western province or governorate of the former Russian Empire, currently located in Belarus, was situated between about 52° to 54° N latitude and 21° to 24° E longitude, and bounded N by Vilna E by Minsk S by Volhynia and W by the former kingdom of Poland. Its land size was 14,961 square miles (38,750 km2). The province was a wide plain in parts, very swampy and covered with large pine tree forests. Of these, that of Białowieża in the district of comprising a circuit of over 100 miles (160 km) deserves notice. There, bisons were preserved. The navigable rivers are Niemen, Bug, Narev, and Bobra, the most important of those being the Bug. The soil is chiefly alluvial intermixed with sand waws,[clarification needed] which was favorable for agriculture anil, rearing of cattle and bees. The atmosphere was damp, misty and the climate in winter was cold. Large quantities of rye, barley, oats, hops, hemp and flax were raised but the amount of fruit and vegetables grown was small. The products produced in the region were insignificant, but included woolen cloths, hats, leather, paper and spirits. There also a good export trade in grain, wool, cattle. Some forty fairs were held annually in the province.

It was divided into nine districts:

The administration of the whole province was in the governor appointed by the crown. In 1870 the population was 1,008,521 comprising Lithuanians, Poles, Belarusians, Tartars, and a few German colonists. Grodno's capital was Grodno, on the right bank of the Niemen, and was connected by railway with Moscow and Warsaw. It contained eight Roman Catholic, one Eastern and two United Greek Catholic churches, a chapel, and two Jewish synagogues. There were two fine erected respectively by Stephen Batory who died here 1586 and Augustus III (kings of Poland). Among other buildings were a public library, a school of a gymnasium, and several seminaries. The 24,789 were engaged in the manufacture of woolen hats, paper, and the preparation of wax. Three fairs were held annually.

Grodno was built in the 12th century until 1795 belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The diet held there in 1793 ratified the partition of Poland. Two years later Stanislaus, the last king, signed his abdication there.[1]

Stanisław Plater's estimates in 1825[2]
Language People Percentage

of total

Ruthenians 470,000 58,75%
Yiddish 120,000 15%
Lithuanian 100,000 12,5%
Polish 80,000 10%
Russians 20,000 2,5%
Tatars 10,000 1,25%
Total 800,000 100%
Stanisław Plater's estimates in 1825[3]
Religion People Percentage

of total

Roman Catholic 380,000 47,5%
Eastern Catholic 270,000 33,75%
Judaism 120,000 15%
Old Believers 20,000 2,5%
Muslims 10,000 1,25%
Total 800,000 100%

Administrative divisions

The seat was in Grodno. It divided into 9 Uyezds:[4]

History

Slonim Governorate (1795–1796)

The governorate was formed in 1796, in the aftermath of the final partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and originally known as Slonim Governorate, but that only existed until December 12, 1796, when Paul I merged it with Vilna Governorate to form Lithuania Governorate.[4]

The Slonim Governorate had 8 provinces:

  • Brest (Russian: Брестского)
  • Volkovysskij (Russian: Волковыского)
  • Grodno (Russian: Гродненского)
  • Kobrin (Russian: Кобринского)
  • Lida (Russian: Лидского)
  • Novogrudok (Russian: Новогрудского)
  • Pruzhany (Russian: Пружанского)
  • Slonimsky (Russian: Слонимского)

Lithuania Governorate (1796–1801)

Main article: Lithuania Governorate

Just a year later, on December 12, 1796, by order of Tsar Paul I they were merged into one governorate, called the Lithuanian Governorate, with its capital in Vilnius.[5]

Lithuania-Grodno Governorate (1801–1840)

After Paul's death, by order of Tsar Alexander I on September 9, 1801, the Lithuanian Governorate was split into the Lithuania-Vilnius Governorate and the Lithuania-Grodno Governorate. The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate was restored within the borders of 1796 Slonim Governorate.[4]

The Lithuania-Grodno Governorate had 8 provinces:

  • Brest (Russian: Брестского)
  • Volkovysskij (Russian: Волковыского)
  • Grodno (Russian: Гродненского)
  • Kobrin (Russian: Кобринского)
  • Lida (Russian: Лидского)
  • Novogrudok (Russian: Новогрудского)
  • Pruzhany (Russian: Пружанского)
  • Slonimsky (Russian: Слонимского)
  • Sokolka Province (Russian: Соколька)

Grodno Governorate (1840–1870)

In 1840 the word "Lithuania" was dropped from the name by Nicholas I.[6]

In 1843, another administrative reform took place. The Vilnius Governorate received the Lida district from the Grodno Governorate [7] and the Belostok Oblast was incorporated into it as the districts of Belostok, Belsk and Sokolka. Also, Novogrudok one to Minsk Governorate[4]

The Grodno Governorate had 9 provinces:

  • Brest (Russian: Брестского)
  • Volkovysskij (Russian: Волковыского)
  • Grodno (Russian: Гродненского)
  • Kobrin (Russian: Кобринского)
  • Pruzhany (Russian: Пружанского)
  • Slonimsky (Russian: Слонимского)
  • Belostok Province (Russian: Белосток)
  • Belsk Province (Russian: Бельскъ)
  • Sokolka Province (Russian: Соколька)

World War I and after

Bialystok-Grodno District (1915–1917)

Main article: Bialystok-Grodno District

The Grodno Governorate was occupied by the German Empire in 1915 during the Battle of Vilnius in World War I. It was known as the Bialystok-Grodno District of Ober Ost until February 1, 1918, when it was integrated into the Lithuania District as its southern part. From then, until November 1918, it was part of the Kingdom of Lithuania.

After 1918

On December 1–2, 1918, a congress in Grodno, consisting of several hundred delegates from the whole of the Grodno Governorate (including Białystok, Sokółka, Brest Litovsk, Slonim, Vawkavysk, Bielsk, Pruzhany etc.) voted to join Lithuania.[8] The delegates declared that all authority should rest with the region's inhabitants.[8] Given Grodno Governorate's historical and economic ties to Lithuania, they resolved to annex the Grodno Region to Lithuania while granting it autonomy rights.[8] The congress participants assigned the implementation of this decision to the elected executive body – the Grodno Region's Belarusian Board.[8]

After the Treaty of Riga on 18 March 1921, which ended the Polish–Soviet War,[9] the governorate became the voivodeships of Białystok, Nowogródek and Polesie of the Second Polish Republic.[10]

Governors

Notes

  1. ^

References

  1. ^ The new Werner twentieth century edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Akron, OH: The Werner Company. 1907. pp. Vol 11, p 183.
  2. ^ Plater 1825, p. 214.
  3. ^ Plater 1825, p. 206.
  4. ^ a b c d "Administrative division of Belarus: a historical information" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2006-10-26. Retrieved 2009-12-30.
  5. ^ Kulakauskas, Antanas (2002). "Administracinės reformos". Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai. ISBN 9986-9216-9-4. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. Retrieved 2008-01-01.
  6. ^ "Литовская губерния". Archived copy. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1890–1906. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-12-07.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. ^ Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Administration". Encyclopedia Lituanica. Vol. I. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 17–21. LCCN 74-114275.
  8. ^ a b c d Surgailis 2020, p. 7.
  9. ^ K. Marek. Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law. Librairie Droz 1968. pp. 419-420.
  10. ^ Eberhardt, Piotr; Jan Owsinski (2003). Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis. M.E. Sharpe. p. 260. ISBN 0-7656-0665-8.

Sources

53°40′00″N 23°49′00″E / 53.6667°N 23.8167°E / 53.6667; 23.8167

allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Grodno