Peterka is a Slavic surname, literally a given name, a diminutive of Peter. Notable people include:

• Carol Peterka (born 1963), American handball player
• JJ Peterka (born 2002), German ice hockey player
• Martin Peterka (born 1995), Czech basketball player
• Primož Peterka (born 1979), Slovenian ski jumper
• Rostislav Peterka (born 1949), Czech-Argentine rower
• Tobias Peterka (born 1982), German politician