Melchior is the name traditionally given to one of the biblical Magi appearing in the Gospel of Matthew. There are many notable people with this name, or close variations.
As a first name
- Melchior Anderegg (1828–1914), Swiss mountain guide
- Melchora Aquino (1812-1919), Filipino revolutionary
- Melchior Berri (1801–1854), Swiss architect
- Melchior Broederlam (c. 1350 – after 1409), Dutch painter
- Melchior Buliński (1810–1877), Polish priest and historian
- Melchior Cano (1525–1560), Spanish theologian
- Melchior Cibinensis, 16th century Hungarian alchemical writer
- Melchior Goldast (1576–1635), Swiss writer
- Melchior d'Hondecoeter (1636–1695), Dutch animalier
- Melchior de Polignac (1661–1742), French diplomat, Roman Catholic cardinal
- Melchior de Vogüé (1848–1910), French diplomat, travel writer, archaeologist, philanthropist
- Melchior Franck (1579–1639), German composer
- Melchior Grodziecki (1584–1619), Catholic saint
- Melchior Hoffman (c. 1495–1543), German-Dutch Anabaptist prophet
- Melchior Inchofer (c. 1584–1648), Jesuit who took part in Galileo's trial
- Melchior Klesl (1552–1630), Austrian bishop statesman
- Melchior Lengyel (1880–1974), Hungarian writer
- Melchior Lorck (1526–1583), Danish-German renaissance painter
- Melchior Miguel Carneiro Leitão (1516–1583), Jesuit, first Bishop of Macao
- Melchior Ndadaye (1953–1993), Burundian politician and president
- Melchior Nunes Barreto (c. 1520–1571), Jesuit, missionary in Asia
- Melchior Schildt (c. 1592–1667), German composer and organist
- Melchior Vulpius (c. 1570–1615), German composer
- Melchior Wathelet, Belgian politician
- Melchior Wathelet, Jr., Belgian politician
- Melchior Wańkowicz (1892–1974), Polish writer, journalist and publisher
- Melchior Weiher (1574–1643), Polish nobleman
As a middle name
- Henry Melchior Muhlenberg, (1711-1787), Lutheran minister and missionary
- Henry Melchior Muhlenberg Richards, United States Military Officer
- John Melchior Bosco, (1815-1888), Catholic saint and founder of the Salesians
- Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, (1835-1914), Catholic saint, Pope (Pius X)
As a family name
- Arne Melchior (1924–2016), Danish politician, government minister, son of Marcus
- Bent Melchior (1929–2021), chief rabbi of Denmark, son of Marcus
- Carl Melchior, German banker, advisor for the financial and economic negotiations that began at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919
- Dan Melchior, British singer, songwriter, and guitarist
- Daniela Melchior, Portuguese actress
- Eberhard Melchior, German mathematician
- Eberhard Melchior (naturalist), active around 1700
- Ernst Melchior (1920–1978), Austrian football player
- Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm (1723–1807), German author
- Hans Melchior (1894–1984), German botanist
- Hans Bøchmann Melchior (1773–1831), Danish naturalist
- Ib Melchior (1917–2015), American science-fiction filmmaker, son of Lauritz
- Israel B. Melchior (1827–1893), Danish engineer, manufacturer and amateur photographer
- Lauritz Melchior, Danish operatic tenor, especially Wagnerian roles
- Marcus Melchior (1897–1969), chief rabbi of Denmark
- Michael Melchior (born 1954), Danish-Norwegian rabbi, Israeli politician and son of Bent
- Moses Melchior (1825–1912), Danish businessman
- Simone Melchior Cousteau (1919–1990), wife of undersea explorer Jacques-Yves Cousteau
- Tracy Melchior (born 1970), American actress
Fictional characters
- A character in Tom Stoppard's On the Razzle (play)
- One of three parts of the biological super computer in Neon Genesis Evangelion manga and anime
- One of three sages of Shevat in the game Xenogears
- A Ceyah immortal from the video game Kohan II: Kings of War
- A laptop/webgoblin in Kelly McCullough's Ravirn series.
- A cosmic being in the Ascended Master Teachings of Joshua David Stone
- A centaur character in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- Melchior Mayvin, an antagonist in Tales of Berseria.
- As "Melkhior", the wizard in Knight Lore who will create the spell to cure Sabreman of his lycanthropy
- As "Melchyor", a character in the 2012 novel Unholy Night by Seth Grahame-Smith
- The Guru of Life in the game Chrono Trigger
- Melchior Boehni, a character in the novella Kleider Machen Leute by Gottfried Keller
- Melchior Gabor, the lead male character in Spring Awakening (play) and Spring Awakening (musical)
- Melchior Hazard, father of Dora and Nora in Angela Carter's novel Wise Children
- Melchior von und zu Panke, a character in the German TV series Binny and the Ghost
- Melchior Sternfels von Fuchshaim, protagonist in the Baroque German novel Simplicius Simplicissimus
- Melchior Tresich, the main protagonist of Ranko Marinković's novel Kiklop (1965)
- Melchior Wakenstede, the main protagonist of Estonian book and movie series Melchior the Apothecary by Indrek Hargla
- Wilhelm Melchior, fictional playwright and director in Clouds of Sils Maria
Other
- A Swiss robot that tells time by L'Epée Clocks