Cueva de los Casares is a cave in Riba de Saelices (Province of Guadalajara, Castile-La Mancha, Spain). Discovered in 1933, it contains a number of paleolithic cave paintings, and is most notable for a series of paintings depicting what some have argued is the earliest representation of human understanding of the reproductive process, featuring images of copulation (perhaps mediated by a mysterious shaman figure), pregnancy, childbirth, and family life. Mammoths and other animals feature frequently in the illustrations. It was declared Bien de Interés Cultural in 1935.^[1]

There are many representations of animals, anthropomorphs (human-like figures), and ideograms (including penises, vulvas, tools, and more abstract images).

The cave and its paintings are little known to scholars outside Spain.

• Cave art in the Iberian peninsula