Chebotaryov (masculine) or Chebotaryova (feminine) is a Russian surname. It is also spelled "Chebotarov", "Chebotarev", "Tschebotaröw", "Чеботарёв" (Russian), "Чоботарьов" (Ukrainian). Notable people with the surname include:

• Konstantin Chebotaryov (1892–1974), Soviet painter
• Nikolai Chebotaryov (1894–1947), Russian and Soviet mathematician
• Gleb Chebotaryov (1913–1975), Soviet astronomer
• Nikolai Chebotarev, claimed identity of Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia, Romanov impostors
• Sergey Chebotaryov (born 1969), Russian politician
• Valentina Chebotaryova (died 1919), Red Cross nurse during World War I
• Vladimir Chebotaryov (1921-2010), Soviet and Russian film director
• Gregory P. Tschebotarioff (1899-1985), Russian-born American civil engineer and son of Valentina Chebotaryova