Chess has a deep-rooted history in India, widely believed to have originated from the game of chaturanga during the Gupta Empire in circa 6th century CE. Over centuries, it evolved and spread across the world, influencing modern chess as we know it today.[1]
In the contemporary era, India has emerged as a major chess power, excelling in international tournaments and currently boasting the second best federation on the planet with a 2721 top-ten rating.[2] The country holds multiple Chess Olympiad victories in both the men's and women's sections[3] and has crowned two World Chess Champions: Viswanathan Anand, a five-time champion who revolutionized Indian chess, and Gukesh D, the current reigning champion.[4]
The rise of chess in modern India is often credited to Anand, whose dominance from the late 1990s to the early 2010s inspired a generation of players. His success, coupled with the growth of digital platforms and widespread grassroots training programs, has fueled a chess boom, making India one of the leading nations in the sport. The country now has a robust chess ecosystem, supported by the All India Chess Federation (AICF) and a network of state associations, academies, and online communities.[4][5]
Early history
Chess originated in India with its earliest known form, chaturanga, dating back roughly 1,500 years to the 6th century, during the Gupta Empire. Chaturanga is considered the earliest precursor to modern chess because it had key features that would appear in later variations: different pieces possessing different powers and victory depending on the fate of one piece, the king.[1][6]
As trade and cultural exchanges flourished along the Silk Road, Chaturanga spread to Persia, where it evolved into Shatranj. The game underwent further refinements in the Islamic world and medieval Europe, ultimately transforming into the modern chess we recognize today.[1][6]
Modern history
Modern chess in India began officially with the formation of All India Chess Federation in 1951. This was soon followed by the first Indian Chess Championship held in Eluru, Andhra Pradesh. In 1956, India made its debut at the 12th Chess Olympiad in Moscow.[4] Then, Manuel Aaron achieved the feat as the first Indian to become an International Master, in 1961.
In 1988, 19-year old Viswanathan Anand of Chennai became India's first Grandmaster. He then embarked on a journey to become the first Indian to qualify for the Candidates Tournament, win the Candidates in 1995, 1998 and then finally become the World Champion in 2000 by beating Spain's Alexei Shirov. He would go on to defend the title for more than a decade, until he lost the Championship to Magnus Carlsen in 2013. In 1997, the All India Chess Federation for the Blind was formed with the intention of promoting chess amongst the country's visually impaired people.[4]
Subbaraman Vijayalaksmi became the country's first Woman International Master in 1996. She then became India's first Woman Grandmaster in 2001. Soon, Koneru Humpy of Andhra Pradesh became the youngest woman ever in history to become GM in 2002, aged 15, a record she held till 2008. India's first Chess Olympiad medal was a bronze in 2014. In 2022, India won bronze medals in the Open and Women category in the first Chess Olympiad hosted by India at Chennai. The nation's first Olympiad gold was then clenched in both categories at the 45th Chess Olympiad in Budapest.[4][7]
In 2024, Gukesh D made history by becoming the youngest player to win the Candidates Tournament, subsequently clinching the World Chess Championship title with a narrow one-point victory over Ding Liren.[8]
As of December 2024, India boasts 85 chess grandmasters, with 13 ranked among the world's top 100 players. The country has over 30,000 rated players actively participating in officially sanctioned tournaments nationwide. This robust participation has solidified India's status as a chess superpower, with its top 10 players achieving an average Elo rating of 2721, ranking second globally.[9][10][11]
Current rankings
Open
As per FIDE's October 2024 rankings.[12]
| # | Title | Player | World Rank | Rating | Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GM | Arjun Erigaisi | 4 | 2801 | 21 years, 169 days |
| 2 | GM | Gukesh Dommaraju | 5 | 2777 | 18 years, 266 days |
| 3 | GM | Viswanathan Anand | 10 | 2750 | 55 years, 70 days |
| 4 | GM | Praggnanandhaa Rameshbabu | 14 | 2741 | 19 years, 193 days |
| 6 | GM | Aravindh Chithambaram | 21 | 2729 | 25 years, 161 days |
| 6 | GM | Vidit Gujrathi | 25 | 2721 | 30 years, 118 days |
| 7 | GM | Pentala Harikrishna | 36 | 2695 | 38 years, 285 days |
| 8 | GM | Nihal Sarin | 44 | 2687 | 20 years, 221 days |
| 9 | GM | Raunak Sadhwani | 56 | 2666 | 19 years, 59 days |
| 10 | GM | Karthikeyan Murali | 78 | 2651 | 27 years, 40 days |
Women
As per FIDE's October 2024 rankings.[13]
| # | Title | Player | World Rank | Rating | Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | GM | Koneru Humpy | 6 | 2530 | 37 years, 325 days |
| 2 | IM | Divya Deshmukh | 11 | 2501 | 19 years, 72 days |
| 3 | GM | Harika Dronavalli | 13 | 2493 | 34 years, 38 days |
| 4 | GM | Vaishali Rameshbabu | 15 | 2487 | 23 years, 243 days |
| 5 | IM | Tania Sachdev | 54 | 2396 | 38 years, 183 days |
| 6 | IM | Vantika Agrawal | 58 | 2392 | 22 years, 144 days |
| 7 | Sarayu Velpula | 76 | 2370 | 19 years, 49 days | |
| 8 | IM | Bhakti Kulkarni | 82 | 2363 | 32 years, 276 days |
| 9 | WGM | Savitha Shri Baskar | 99 | 2348 | 18 years, 25 days |
| 10 | IM | Padmini Rout | 100+ | 2328 | 31 years, 45 days |
National and international records
- First National Champion: Ramchandra Sapre (1955)
- First Indian International Master: Manuel Aaron (1961)[4]
- First Indian Grandmaster: Viswanathan Anand (1988)[4]
- First Indian Woman Grandmaster: Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi (2001)[4]
- First Indian participation in a Chess Olympiad: 1956, 12th Chess Olympiad at Moscow[4]
- First Blind Chess Olympiad hosted by India: 2012, 14th Blind Chess Olympiad in Chennai
- First Indian Asian Senior Chess Champion: Wazeer Ahmad Khan, 6th Asian Seniors at Lar in 2015
- First Chess Olympiad hosted in India: 2022, 44th Chess Olympiad in Chennai[4]
- Maximum number of Indian National Championship wins: 9 by Manuel Aaron
- Maximum number of Indian National Championship (Women) wins: 6 by Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi
- Maximum number of Indian National Championship (Blind) wins: 6 by Kishan Gangolli
- Youngest Indian Grandmaster: Gukesh D at the age of 12 (2018)[4]
- Youngest winner of the Candidates Tournament: Gukesh D at the age of 17 (2024)[4]
- Youngest World Champion: Gukesh D at the age of 18
- Rameshbabu Praggnanandhaa and his sister Vaishali are the first brother-sister duo to earn GM titles and to qualify for the Candidates Tournament
Medal table
Summary -Team
| Tournament | Team |  |
 |
 |
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Olympiad | M | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| X | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| World Team Championship | M | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| F | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| Asian Games | M | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| F | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| X | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | |
| Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games | M | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| F | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| X | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
| Asian Team Championship | M | 3 | 6 | 4 | 13 |
| F | 0 | 5 | 3 | 8 | |
| World Mind Sports Games | X | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Total | 8 | 17 | 19 | 44 | |
Summary - Individual
| Tournament | Gender | |
|
|
Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| World Championship | M | 5 | 5 | 0 | 10 |
| F | 0 | 1 | 6 | 7 | |
| World Rapid World Blitz |
M | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| F | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 | |
| World Cup | M | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| F | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Olympiad | M | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
| F | 3 | 3 | 4 | 10 | |
| Asian Games | M | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| F | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | |
| World Team Championship | M | 3 | 0 | 4 | 7 |
| F | 2 | 5 | 4 | 11 | |
| Asian Team Championship | M | 20 | 15 | 14 | 49 |
| F | 6 | 17 | 10 | 33 | |
| Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games | M | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 |
| F | 2 | 0 | 2 | 4 | |
| Total | 53 | 55 | 46 | 154 | |
- Updated till September 2024
Olympiad
Open
Open Individual
| Medal | Event | Player | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2004 Calvià | Viswanathan Anand | Best performance rating |
|
|
2012 Istanbul | Abhijeet Gupta | Board 4 |
|
|
2014 Tromsø | Sasikiran Krishnan | Board 3 |
|
|
2022 Chennai | Gukesh Dommaraju | Board 1 |
|
|
Nihal Sarin | Board 2 | |
|
|
Arjun Erigaisi | Board 3 | |
|
|
Praggnanandhaa Rameshbabu | Board 3 | |
|
|
2024 Budapest | Gukesh Dommaraju | Board 1 |
|
|
Arjun Erigaisi | Board 3 |
Women
Women Individual
| Medal | Event | Player | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2000 Istanbul | Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi | Board 1 |
|
|
2002 Bled | Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi | Board 1 |
|
|
2008 Dresden | Mary Ann Gomes | Board 5 |
|
|
2012 Istanbul | Tania Sachdev | Board 3 |
|
|
2014 Tromsø | Padmini Rout | Board 5 |
|
|
2022 Chennai | Vaishali Rameshbabu | Board 3 |
|
|
Tania Sachdev | Board 4 | |
|
|
Divya Deshmukh | Board 5 | |
|
|
2024 Budapest | Divya Deshmukh | Board 3 |
|
|
Vantika Agrawal | Board 4 |
Online
World Championship
Open
| Year | Player | Result | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1995 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
7.5 |
| 1998 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
3 |
| 2000 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
3.5 |
| 2005 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
8.5 |
| 2007 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
9 |
| 2008 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
6.5 |
| 2010 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
6.5 |
| 2012 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
8.5 |
| 2013 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
3.5 |
| 2014 | Viswanathan Anand |
|
4.5 |
| 2024 | Gukesh Dommaraju |
|
7.5 |
Women
| Year | Player | Result | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Koneru Humpy |
|
Semifinalist |
| 2008 | Koneru Humpy |
|
Semifinalist |
| 2010 | Koneru Humpy |
|
Semifinalist |
| 2011 | Koneru Humpy |
|
2.5 |
| 2012 | Harika Dronavalli |
|
Semifinalist |
| 2015 | Harika Dronavalli |
|
Semifinalist |
| 2017 | Harika Dronavalli |
|
Semifinalist |
World Rapid and Blitz Championships
Open
- Rapid
| Medal | Event | Player |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2003 Cap d'Agde | Viswanathan Anand |
|
|
2014 Dubai | Viswanathan Anand |
|
|
2017 Riyadh | Viswanathan Anand |
- Blitz
| Medal | Event | Player |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2007 Moscow | Viswanathan Anand |
|
|
2009 Moscow | Viswanathan Anand |
|
|
2017 Riyadh | Viswanathan Anand |
Women
- Rapid
| Medal | Event | Player |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2012 Batumi | Koneru Humpy |
|
|
2019 Moscow | Koneru Humpy |
|
|
2022 Almaty | Savitha Shri Baskar |
|
|
2023 Samarkand | Koneru Humpy |
- Blitz
| Medal | Event | Player |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2022 Almaty | Koneru Humpy |
World Team Championship
Open
| Medal | Event | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2010 Bursa | Pentala Harikrishna Surya Shekhar Ganguly Sasikiran Krishnan Geetha Narayanan Gopal Subramanian Arun Prasad Adhiban Baskaran |
13 |
| Medal | Event | Player | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2010 Bursa | Surya Shekhar Ganguly | Board 3 |
|
|
Subramanian Arun Prasad | Board 5 | |
|
|
2017 Khanty-Mansiysk | Vidit Gujrathi | Board 1 |
|
|
Adhiban Baskaran | Board 2 | |
|
|
2019 Astana | Adhiban Baskaran | Board 1 |
|
|
Surya Shekhar Ganguly | Board 3 | |
|
|
2022 Jerusalem | S. L. Narayanan | Board 3 |
Women
| Medal | Event | Team | Points |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2021 Sitges | Harika Dronavalli Vaishali Rameshbabu Tania Sachdev Bhakti Kulkarni Mary Ann Gomes |
13 |
| Medal | Event | Player | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
2009 Ningbo | Eesha Karavade | Board 3 |
|
|
2011 Mardin | Koneru Humpy | Best performance rating |
|
|
Koneru Humpy | Board 1 | |
|
|
Harika Dronavalli | Board 2 | |
|
|
2013 Astana | Mary Ann Gomes | Board 4 |
|
|
Soumya Swaminathan | Board 5 | |
|
|
2015 Chengdu | Koneru Humpy | Board 1 |
|
|
Harika Dronavalli | Board 2 | |
|
|
2017 Khanty-Mansiysk | Eesha Karavade | Board 3 |
|
|
2021 Sitges | Harika Dronavalli | Board 1 |
|
|
Mary Ann Gomes | Board 5 |
Asian Team Championship
Open
Women
| Medal | Event | Player | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
|
1999 Shenyang | Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi | Board 2 |
|
|
Swati Ghate | Board 3 | |
|
|
Shahnaz Safira | Board 4 | |
|
2003 Jodhpur | Subbaraman Meenakshi | Board 1 |
|
|
Swati Ghate | Board 2 | |
|
|
Anupama Gokhale | Board 3 | |
|
Harika Dronavalli | Board 4 | |
|
|
Sai Meera Ravi | Board 4 | |
|
|
2005 Esfahan | Nisha Mohota | Board 1 |
|
|
Mary Ann Gomes | Board 2 | |
|
|
Swati Ghate | Board 3 | |
|
|
2008 Visakhapatnam | Harika Dronavalli | Board 1 |
|
|
Nisha Mohota | Board 2 | |
|
|
Tania Sachdev | Board 3 | |
|
|
Aarthie Ramaswamy | Board 4 | |
|
|
Tejaswi Kanuri | Board 4 | |
|
|
2009 Kolkata | Harika Dronavalli | Board 1 |
|
|
Tania Sachdev | Board 3 | |
|
|
Padmini Rout | Board 3 | |
|
|
Bhakti Kulkarni | Board 4 | |
|
|
Kruttika Nadig | Board 5 | |
|
|
2012 Zaozhuang | Tania Sachdev | Board 3 |
|
|
Padmini Rout | Board 5 | |
|
|
2014 Tabriz | Harika Dronavalli | Board 1 |
|
|
Tania Sachdev | Board 2 | |
|
|
Mary Ann Gomes | Board 4 | |
|
|
Padmini Rout | Board 5 | |
|
|
2016 Abu Dhabi | Harika Dronavalli | Board 2 |
|
|
Soumya Swaminathan | Board 4 | |
|
|
2018 Hamadan | Harika Dronavalli | Board 1 |
|
|
Eesha Karavade | Board 3 | |
|
|
Padmini Rout | Board 4 | |
|
|
Aakanksha Hagawane | Board 5 |
World Cup
| Medal | Event | Player |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2000 Shenyang | Viswanathan Anand |
|
|
2002 Hyderabad | Viswanathan Anand |
|
|
2023 Baku | Praggnanandhaa Rameshbabu |
Asian Games
Men's team standard
Women's team standard
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2022 Hangzhou | Koneru Humpy Harika Dronavalli Vaishali Rameshbabu Vantika Agrawal Savitha Shri Baskar |
Mixed team standard
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2006 Doha | Sasikiran Krishnan Pentala Harikrishna Koneru Humpy |
Women's individual rapid
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2006 Doha | Koneru Humpy |
|
|
2010 Guangzhou | Harika Dronavalli |
Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games
Men's individual standard
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2017 Ashgabat | Sasikiran Krishnan |
Women's individual standard
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2007 Macau | Harika Dronavalli |
Mixed team standard
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2007 Macau | Sasikiran Krishnan Surya Shekhar Ganguly J. Deepan Chakkravarthy Koneru Humpy Harika Dronavalli Tania Sachdev |
Men's individual rapid
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2007 Macau | Sasikiran Krishnan |
|
|
2009 Vietnam | Sasikiran Krishnan |
Men's team rapid U-23
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2017 Ashgabat | Karthikeyan Murali Diptayan Ghosh |
Women's individual rapid
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2007 Macau | Harika Dronavalli |
|
|
2009 Vietnam | Harika Dronavalli |
Women's team rapid
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2017 Ashgabat | Padmini Rout Tania Sachdev |
Mixed team rapid
Men's individual blitz
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2007 Macau | Sasikiran Krishnan |
Men's team blitz
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2017 Ashgabat | Sasikiran Krishnan Surya Shekhar Ganguly |
Men's team blitz U-23
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2017 Ashgabat | Diptayan Ghosh Vaibhav Suri |
Women's individual blitz
| Medal | Event | Team |
|---|---|---|
|
|
2007 Macau | Koneru Humpy |
Mixed team blitz
National award recipients
| Year | Recipient | Award | Gender |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1991–1992 | Viswanathan Anand | Khel Ratna Award | Male |
| 1961 | Manuel Aaron | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 1980–1981 | Rohini Khadilkar | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 1983 | Dibyendu Barua | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 1984 | Pravin Thipsay | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 1985 | Viswanathan Anand | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 1987 | Devaki Prasad | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 1987 | Bhagyashree Thipsay | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 1990 | Anupama Gokhale | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 2000 | Subbaraman Vijayalakshmi | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 2002 | Krishnan Sasikiran | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 2003 | Koneru Humpy | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 2005 | Surya Shekhar Ganguly | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 2006 | Pentala Harikrishna | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 2007 | Harika Dronavalli | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 2009 | Tania Sachdev | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 2010 | Parimarjan Negi | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 2013 | Abhijeet Gupta | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 2022 | Bhakti Kulkarni | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 2022 | R Praggnanandhaa | Arjuna Award | Male |
| 2023 | R Vaishali | Arjuna Award | Female |
| 2021 | Abhijit Kunte | Dhyan Chand Award | Male |
| 2006 | Koneru Ashok | Dronacharya Award | Male |
| 2023 | RB Ramesh | Dronacharya Award | Male |
See also
- List of Indian chess players
- Indian chess
- All India Chess Federation for the Blind
- Chess Players Association of India
References
- ^ a b c "A Game of Thrones - How Chess Conquered the World". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "Top Chess Federations FIDE Open>". ratings.fide.com. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "India's dominant Chess Olympiad win reminds Viswanathan Anand of Soviet teams". India Today. 23 September 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "68 years in the making: Olympiad golds mark milestones in Indian chess history". ESPN. 22 September 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "Gukesh Dommaraju: How the Indian teenager became youngest world chess champion". 13 December 2024.
- ^ a b Alfarsi, Haroun (23 May 2024). "History and Origins of Chess: From India to Persia and Europe". Profolus. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "World Chess Championship: Viswanathan Anand's glittering legacy that shaped India's golden generation". Firstpost. 21 November 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "World Chess Championship 2024 recap: Gukesh Dommaraju becomes youngest ever undisputed world champion - The Mancunion". mancunion.com. 5 February 2025. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "FIDE Ratings and Statistics". ratings.fide.com. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "Gukesh Dommaraju: How the Indian teenager became youngest world chess champion". www.bbc.com. 13 December 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "D Gukesh, Arjun Erigaisi lead the way as the golden generation of Indian chess finally comes of age in 2024". Firstpost. 16 December 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
- ^ "Chess Rankings India Open". ratings.fide.com. World Chess Federation (FIDE).
- ^ "Chess Rankings India Female". ratings.fide.com. World Chess Federation (FIDE).
External links
- All India Chess Federation
- The History of Chess: from the Time of the Early Invention of the Game in India till the Period of its establishment in Western and Central Europe
