Events from the year 1959 in Taiwan, Republic of China. This year is numbered Minguo 48 according to the official Republic of China calendar.

• President – Chiang Kai-shek
• Vice President – Chen Cheng
• Premier – Chen Cheng
• Vice Premier – Wang Yun-wu

• 1 February – The establishment of National Science Council.

• 15 August – The magnitude 7.1 Hengchun earthquake occurs offshore southern Taiwan.

• 21 September – Nantou shooting in Nantou County.

• 16 December – The establishment of China Airlines.

• 17 January – Diane Lee, member of Legislative Yuan (1993–2002, 2008–2009)
• 20 January – Huang Min-hui, Mayor of Chiayi City
• 22 January
  • Cho Jung-tai, Chairperson of Democratic Progressive Party
  • Tseng Ming-chung, Chairperson of Financial Supervisory Commission (2013–2016)
• 10 March – Tseng Chih-chen, baseball player
• 31 March – Lin Cheng-sheng, film director
• 6 August – Ko Wen-je, Mayor of Taipei
• 13 August – Liu Shyh-fang, Secretary-General of Executive Yuan (2002–2004)
• 8 September – Yu Cheng-hsien, Minister of the Interior (2002–2004)
• 19 September – Hao Feng-ming, Political Deputy Minister of Labor
• 8 October – Chang Ching-sen, Governor of Fujian Province (2016–2019)
• 23 October – Woody Duh, Vice Premier (2016)
• 6 November – Justin Huang, Magistrate of Taitung County (2009–2018)
• 7 November – Lu Tien-ling, Minister of Council of Labor Affairs (2007–2008)
• 28 December – Lu Chien-soon, golf athlete