Nicolinas

Nicolinas
Festas Nicolinas
The logo of the Nicolinas, located at the Torre dos Almadas, silhouettes a traditional Nicolino playing a drum.
GenreFestivities in honor of Saint Nicholas
Begins29 November
Ends7 December
FrequencyOnce per year
LocationGuimarães
CountryPortugal
Years active1500s/1600s – present
Name given to the participantsNicolinos
Activity
  • Election of the Nicolinas Festivities Committee (last Friday of September)
  • Moinas (every Saturday in November until the 29th)
  • Pinheiro e Ceias Nicolinas (29 November)
  • Novenas (29 November to 7 December)
  • Posses e Magusto (4 December)
  • Pregão (5 December)
  • Maçãzinhas (6 December)
  • Danças de São Nicolau (6 December)
  • Baile da Saudade (7 December)
  • Roubalheiras (night varies)
Organised byNicolinas Festivities Committee
WebsiteOfficial website

The Nicolinas (Portuguese: Festas Nicolinas) are a series of festivities held in honor of Saint Nicholas in the Portuguese city of Guimarães. Observed annually from 29 November to 7 December,[1] they celebrate local traditions and camaraderie (particularly among students).[2] The first known literary reference to the Nicolinas dates to 1664, the year after[3] the construction of the Chapel of St Nicholas in Guimarães;[4] historical evidence, however, suggests that they predate this.[5]

The Nicolinas consist of eight main events: the Pinheiro, the Novenas, the Danças de São Nicolau, the Posses e Magusto, the Pregão, the Maçãzinhas, the Baile da Saudade and the Roubalheiras.[6] They are organized by the Nicolinas Festivities Committee, a group of 10 male high-school students.[7][8] Active participants are known as "Nicolinos".[9]

History

The significance of the cult of Saint Nicholas in Guimarães during the 17th century is indicated by historical evidence such as the 1663 construction of a chapel dedicated to the saint, and statutory documents including 1691 statutes for the Brotherhood of Saint Nicholas.[10] Although academic celebrations related to Nicholas in Guimarães can be traced back to at least 1645,[11] they appear to predate that period; historians date the beginning of the Nicolinas to the 14th and 15th centuries, when the European cult of Saint Nicholas arrived in the city.[5]

During the 19th century, the festivities were celebrated less frequently and at irregular intervals, until 1875, when they ceased.[12] On 21 November 1895, a group of students and other citizens led by Jerónimo Sampaio and Bráulio Caldas organized a gathering at the Afonso Henriques Theatre to propose that the Nicolinas be reintroduced.[13] Previously limited to one day (6 December), the celebrations were extended.[12] Originally called the St. Nicholas Festivities, João de Meira renamed them during the early 20th century, and they became known as the "Nicolinas".[14][15]

The new format was initially two days, with the programme for 6 December announced by a town crier who walked the streets of the city on 5 December. This was eventually extended to the present eight-day format, beginning on 29 November and ending on 7 December.[16][17]

Main festivities

A group of young men outdoors in front of a large crowd
Election of the 2024 Nicolinas Festivities Committee at the Toural Fountain

The festivities take place every year from 29 November to 7 December and include several events, from the Pinheiro (the most popular) to the Baile da Saudade (the end of the festivities).[18] The Nicolinas are organized by the Nicolinas Festivities Committee (Comissão das Festas Nicolinas), a group of 10 male students from Guimarães' high schools. The committee is elected annually by students on the last Friday of September at the Toural Fountain.[7] Before 1982, only students from the Martins Sarmento High School could participate; since then, students from the other local high schools (Francisco de Holanda, Santos Simões, Caldas das Taipas and Veiga; the latter closed in 2005))[19] have also been eligible to participate and vote for committee members.[20]

Pinheiro and Ceias Nicolinas

The festivities begin on 29 November[21] with the planting of a pinheiro (pine tree)[22] and the Ceias Nicolinas (Nicolinas Supper),[23] held in honor of Saint Nicholas. These two events are the Nicolinas' most popular, especially among the youth of Guimarães.[24] The Nicolinas Supper traditionally contains rojões with broccoli rabe, along with papas de sarrabulho (sarrabulho porridge) and Vinho Verde.[24]

A large group of men outdoors, some playing drums
People of all ages celebrated the Pinheiro on 29 November 2018.

The name Pinheiro, describing the entire festivity, originated in the second half of the 19th century. Before that, references to the first Nicolinas festivity mentioned the "raising of the flagpole" or "the flag", rarely connecting the "flagpole" with the tradition of planting a pine tree.[25]

After the Nicolinas Supper, participants gather at the Cano (at the Campo de São Mamede, named after the Battle of São Mamede) and await the start of the Pinheiro procession.[26] The pine tree, traditionally the region's tallest, is provided by the Martins de Alvão family; it is prepared on the day of the procession by members of the committee. Decorated with candles, garlands, and banners with satirical and critical commentary on current issues, the pine is placed on a long cart and pulled through the city center by bulls.

Celebrants march alongside the pine playing the traditional Toques Nicolinos on caixas and bombos (drums made in special workshops across the city for the festival) or walk on the sidewalks. The parade ends next to Santos Passos Church, where the pine is raised and planted; this marks the beginning of the Nicolinas.[27]

Until the 20th century, the pine tree selected for the event came from the forests surrounding the city.[28] It was traditionally replanted at the Toural, but the practice changed during the late 1700s as urban expansion began to encroach on the area. The location for replanting the pine changed several times before settling next to Santos Passos Church.[28]

In addition to students, people of all ages from Guimarães, nearby towns or from the rest of Portugal are spectators or participants.[29] Teens and young adults often get drunk at the start of the procession,[30] which older Nicolinos call "a distortion of the tradition, fueled by convenience".[31]

At the height of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020,[32] the number of people attending the Pinheiro did not fall[33][34][35][36] despite restrictions.[37] Attendance was unexpectedly comparable to previous years,[38][39] which was attributed to the cultural importance of the festivities to the residents of Guimarães.[40][41][42] It was similar in 2021,[43][44] when about 50,000 people attended the Pinheiro procession.[45] Despite the negative opinion in the rest of Portugal about a large gathering of people during the peak of the pandemic, the Social Democratic Party defended the festivities; their vice-president, André Coelho Lima (who hailed from Guimarães), attended the Nicolinas.[46] In 1905, João de Meira wrote that nothing would prevent the festivities from taking place if there was a single student in the city willing to fight for them.[47]

Novenas

A white church, with people standing outside
The Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição during a Novena on 4 December 2024

The Novenas are a series of nine masses, one celebrated every morning between 29 November and 7 December[48] in the 18th-century Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição.[49] The masses are also known as Novenas de Azurém, for the parish where they are held.

The Nicolinas Novenas are distinct from novenas celebrated elsewhere, celebrating the city's culture more than religion.[50] They began during the 18th century due to the obligation to "hold sung masses every year, on the 7th and 8th of December, by the young chorists of the Collegiate Church of Nossa Senhora da Oliveira [pt]" dedicated to Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception.[48]

Participants play the Toque Nicolino at the Novenas on caixas and bombos.[51] One of the two parts of the melody is repeated nine times, one for each day of the festivities.[52]

Posses and Magusto

The Posses (possessions), when Guimarães students gather food to distribute, were originally held on 6 December before being moved to 5 and then to 4 December. They begin at 9 pm on 4 December, and only students who are members of the Nicolinas Festivities Committee can participate in the gathering of food; non-members, however, may attend.[53] The Posses procession begins on the Campo da Feira, winds through Guimarães' historic center, and follows a route which stops at houses where the owners have agreed to donate food.[54]

When the Posses are completed, the Magusto ceremony begins around a bonfire where the students offer the collected food. Chestnuts and wine are traditionally shared, with socializing throughout the night. The Magusto was held at the Toural until 1862, and has been held on Santiago Square since the 1990s.[55] The sharing of goods among students and residents symbolizes the bond between them.[53]

Pregão

A young man in a suit, waving at a window
The Pregoeiro proclaiming the Pregão at Martins Sarmento High School, 5 December 2023

The Pregão de São Nicolau, popularly known as the Pregão and (previously) the Bando Escolástico, takes place on 5 December.[56] During the Pregão, a committee member known as the Pregoeiro proclaims a text at five locations throughout the city center and leaves from the Campo da Feira for the Convento de Santa Clara. After the Pregão is said, he proceeds to Martins Sarmento High School, the Senhora Aninhas House, the Torre dos Almadas, and the Toural.[57][58] The text, usually composed by a committee member, includes criticism of the year's events.[57][51] It often uses satire, irony and sarcasm to criticize politicians, modern life or local affairs.[59] The Pregoeiro recites the Pregão at five different locations across the city,[56]

Documents from 1817[60] mark the Pregão's earliest known occurrence, but earlier proclamations were probably undocumented.[61]

Guimarães historian and writer João de Meira wrote the Pregões of 1903, 1904, and 1905.[62] His contributions established a standard for future Pregões.[61][63]

Boys! Our divine music, is capable of making even Morpheus tremble!
The music of the Nicolinas festivities,
That shakes the earth and dismantles heaven!…
More force, if possible, more ferocious, because nothing is enough!
Let's make such a stubble, such a mockery, that would make this look like hell!...

— João de Meira, The 1904 Pregão, with the first reference to "Nicolinas".[62]

Maçãzinhas

Young women on a balcony, above three long spears
Girls stand on a balcony of a building in Santiago Square while boys below offer apples attached to the tips of spears.
Long poles and many ribbons in a large crowd
Many spear ribbons in Oliveira Square, 6 December 2023

The Maçãzinhas, previously known as the Cortejo das Maçãs,[64] are among the Nicolinas' most iconic festivities. They are held on 6 December, Saint Nicholas Day, the day honoring the central figure of the festivities.[65]

The Maçãzinhas trace their origin to the Romantic movement, inspired by Romanticism in France, England and Germany.[51] The Maçãzinhas consist of a 3:00 pm procession through Guimarães' streets to Santiago Square, a place with the same name as the Spanish city (Santiago de Compostela) which played a key role in introducing the cult of St. Nicholas to Guimarães.[65] The celebration commemorates the cult's roots in the city through its connection with the Romeiros.[65] The procession formerly began at Urgezes Casa da Renda, continued through Cruz de Pedra, and ended at the Toural.[66]

In the morning, preparations are made for the feast. Boys go to the Oficinas de San José to build and decorate the carts which will be used in the parade.[65] They prepare disguises, put ribbons on their lances, put the lances on poles and find a squire to accompany them.[65] The spears and poles are long enough for the boys to reach a balcony.[67] The ribbons' colors have specific meanings. Adorned with sayings, symbols, and messages, the ribbons help the boys to choose the right girl to present the spear; if a boy has a particular girl in mind, he uses a larger, pink bow ribbon.[67] Tying a bow with this ribbon symbolically binds them during the festivities. A boy participating in the Maçãzinhas for the first time traditionally uses a white ribbon to honor his mother.[67]

The girls gather at Santiago Square and begin preparing for the event, sewing white camellias on capes and placing them on balconies around the square.[65] Every girl who has a boy delivering an apple makes an appointment beforehand to save a spot on a balcony.[65]

When the boys arrive, Santiago Square is filled with spectators; girls on the balconies wait for the event to begin. The boys (in disguise and accompanied by a helper) begin by placing an apple (Portuguese: maçã) on the tip of a spear attached to a long pole, and lift the pole to offer the apple to the girls.[65] The girls return the gesture by replacing the apple with a small gift.[65] When all the apples are taken, the spear is removed from the pole and offered to the girl chosen by the boy, or given to the boy's mother.[65]

Oliveira Square and the Toural have a secondary part in the festivities.[68][69] The Maçãzinhas preserve courtship customs and attract a number of teens each year.[65]

Danças de São Nicolau

The Danças de São Nicolau, or Danças Nicolinas (Dances of Saint Nicholas), originated in the 17th century as a way for students to receive donations for student festivities. They were vital to gain enough funds to build the Chapel of Saint Nicholas. The dances were performed in the squares and streets of the city until they were discontinued in 1738.[70] In 1954, a group of old Nicolinos revived the tradition of the dances.[70] The dances returned to the Jordão Theatre in 1972,[70] the second-most-recent festivity to be adopted by the Nicolinas one year before the Roubalheiras.[71] The dances follow themes related to historical and mythical figures such as Afonso Henriques, Mumadona Dias, Saint Nicholas, Minerva and Gil Vicente.[70]

Baile da Saudade

The Baile da Saudade or Baile Nicolino is the last festivity of the Nicolinas, which initially aimed to raise funds for the festivities. The event, a dinner and ball for couples formed at the Maçãzinhas,[71] is open to all Guimarães students.[72]

Baile da Saudade debuted on 30 November 1945 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the resurgence of the Nicolinas. The ball was repeated in 1946 and 1947 at the Jordão Theatre.[71] A festivity since 1973, it is the Nicolinas' most recent addition.[71] Since 1962, the ball has been held on 7 December at Martins Sarmento High School.[71][51] Prizes are awarded during the ball to former and current committee members.[51] It may be considered an older example of the North American prom.[73]

Roubalheiras

The Roubalheiras (thefts) involve the theft of items ranging from flower pots to cattle. It takes place on a random night between 29 November and 7 December (the length of the Nicolinas), and the night is hidden from everyone except the committee and local authorities.[74] The date of the Roubalheiras changes annually.[71]

A note is placed on the spot where the stolen items were, to alert their owners. It assures the item's owners that the disappearance was a part of the Nicolinas (not robbery) and directs them to the Toural, where the stolen possessions are displayed the following day and wait to be retrieved.[75][71] The Roubalheiras is organized by the committee, which notifies the local authorities.[74]

A stone building with white tables and chairs outside
The Torre dos Almadas is the headquarters of the AAELG,[76] the Guimarães High School alumni association.[77]

The Roubalheiras previously coincided with the Posses on 4 December,[53] after the Magusto. The first Roubalheiras took place in 1895 as part of an effort to revive the Nicolinas. It was initially called Rapto das Tabuletas (Kidnapping of the Signs),[71] since signs outside shops and restaurants were popular targets of the thefts,[74] but Roubalheiras is now their official name.[74] They are a contemporary adaptation of a tradition in the villages of the Minho region,[71] observed on 29 June Dia dos Atrancamentos,[78] in which boys would relocate food, harvest tools and carts to confuse the adults.[71]

The Roubalheiras were celebrated intermittently during the 20th century. The festival was abolished in 1905, and was reinstated four years later;[74] it was again abolished in 1912, and revived in 1919.[71] After another ban in the late 1920s, the tradition was revived in the 1950s and continued until 1973.[78][74] It was again revived in 1994 and has been occurring ever since,[78] deterring misuse of the festival as a pretext for illegal activity.[71][79]

In 2021, despite the COVID-19 pandemic, it had the highest number of stolen items in Roubalheiras history; pilfered items included a bull and a trailer, backhoe loader and road-paving machine.[78] The following year, property included a bull and a goat.[80] The variety of stolen items expanded in 2023 and included a goalpost and football bench from the Afonso Henriques Stadium, scooters and bicycles, supermarket trolleys, and a number of gas heaters.[81][82] The number of items in 2024 was smaller, but the theft of animals (including a goat) continued.[83]

Smaller festivities

Moinas

A group of young people with drums, seen from behind
The third Moina of 2023, at the House of the Santoalhas

The Moinas, also called Moinas Nicolinas, are rehearsals held every Saturday in November before the 29th (the day of the Pinheiro).[84] The rehearsals are an opportunity for people intending to participate in the festivities to tune their drums and practice the Toques Nicolinos, particularly the song made specifically for that Moina.[85][86] Attendees at the Moinas usually wear white.[87]

Rehearsals begin at Mumadona Square and end near the Toural Fountain.[88][89] Refreshment stops are made,[90] most notably at the House of the Santoalhas.[91][92]

Dízimo de Urgezes

A basket being lowered from a wall to waiting students
2024 Dízimo de Urgezes ceremony

The Dízimo de Urgezes (Tithe of Urgezes), is held on 4 December.[93] Originally held on 6 December,[93] according to an 1823 contract it involves a tradition of giving food to singers and students in the parish of Santo Estêvão de Urgezes:[94] "two hundred apples, half a bag of roasted lupin beans, half a bag of roasted walnuts, two bushels of roasted chestnuts, two barrels of wine and two dozen large bales of paínça straw". Today, tithing involves money and food.[95]

The festivity was first documented in 1717: "the dízimo of Urgezes will satisfy the Students of the Lord S. Nicolau, for their day, the portion to which he is obliged with all good satisfaction, as is the use and custom and has always been".[95] Urgezes customs were a forerunner of the Posses festivity.[94] An 1832 decree banned Dízimo de Urgezes, and it was abolished by a Porto Court of Appeal decision after an appeal filed by the Cabido da Colegiada.[94] The event was restored by the [Urgezes junta de freguesia (parish board) on 30 October 1999.[93]

The Dízimo de Urgezes ceremony is based on a symbolic offering, traditionally money and foodstuffs, by the Junta de Freguesia of Urgezes to the committee. After a speech, a committee member is ceremoniously lifted by the others to retrieve a basket with that year's tithe which is lowered from the balcony of the Junta de Freguesia building by its president.[96]

Cultural elements

Monument

A red, cape-shaped sculpture
The Monumento ao Nicolino in 2014

The Monumento ao Nicolino (Nicolino Monument), honoring the Nicolinos, is next to Santos Passos Church and near the pine tree raised during the Pinheiro.[97] Planned since 1993, it was approved by the City Council in 1999 but faced cancellation in 2002.[98] The project was revived on 19 July 2007 with €40,000 in funding,[98] and was scheduled for inauguration on 29 November[99] to coincide with the start of the 2007 Nicolinas; after construction delays, the monument was dedicated on 25 January 2008.[98][100]

Created by local plastic artist José de Guimarães,[101] the monument symbolizes a fluttering cape, once an element of the academic attire worn by committee members.[102]

Costumes

Five young men, arms raised, wearing white shirts, black pants and orange caps
Committee students in Traje de Trabalho during the Pregão opening ceremony

Two costumes are worn for the Nicolinas: Traje Académico and Traje de Trabalho. The costumes, conceived in the 16th century, were introduced as the festival's traditional garments at the end of the 19th century.[103]

The Traje Académico is worn by current or former committee members. It is a black overcoat with satin bands and pleats at the back, fastened with three buttons; each sleeve has three buttons near the cuff. Accompanying the overcoat is a plain black waistcoat without lapels. The trousers are straight-cut with pockets, worn with a simple black belt. Black shoes, with or without laces, are worn with plain black socks. A black cape has clasps on the collar and is usually worn folded over the left shoulder or draped over an arm or shoulder. For special occasions, a collared shirt is worn; a necktie is replaced by a black bow tie (or a white one during the Pregão for the Pregoeiro) and white gloves. Bracelets, earrings, piercings, or rings are discouraged.[103]

The Traje de Trabalho, worn by Nicolinas attendees, is a variation of the Traje Académico which consists of black trousers, black shoes, a plain white shirt, a Tabaqueiro scarf [Pt], and a red-and-green hat similar to a Phrygian cap.[103]

The logo of the Nicolinas is a Nicolino (festival participant) dressed in Traje de Trabalho,[104] raising a drumstick in the air. It was designed by Gomes Alves and António Augusto Correia during the mid-1950s.[105]

Intangible cultural heritage candidacy

The Nicolinas were proposed as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage (ICH) candidate during the 2000s and 2010s.[106][107][108][109] The initial application followed an exhibit of materials related to the Nicolinas which included photographs of the 2000 Nicolinas by José Bastos and an oil painting by Paulo Varregoso Mesquita.[110] Projections showcased photographs of aspects and motifs of the centuries-old festivities. The visual presentations also included brief texts about "Nicolinas as an Intangible Heritage of Humanity".[110] The event was a "gateway to a remarkable cause", and the Tertúlia Nicolina association distributed bookmarks promoting recently-published books about the festival.[110][111]

The idea to nominate the Nicolinas began with a 2005 paper by University of Minho professor Lino Moreira da Silva and a motion by politician André Coelho Lima. The festival has been waiting since December 2016 for the Direção-Geral do Património Cultural (DGPC) to proceed with its application for inscription on the National Inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage,[11] the first step in applying for ICH status.[112]

In a December 2024 interview, Moreira da Silva (author of several books on the Nicolinas and a key figure in the festival's ICH candidacy) said that the Nicolinas' preservation is "in danger" – not of disappearing, but of degradation. According to Moreira da Silva, younger people are negatively influencing aspects of the celebrations which do not interest them.[113] He said that many view the festivities simply as an occasion to drink and have fun, which is acceptable only if the Nicolinas' original meaning and cultural significance are maintained; excessive alcohol consumption, praxe, and the exclusion of women from the committee may deter future candidacies.[113] In April 2025, the president of the Portuguese Cultural Heritage Institute expressed interest in submitting a new application for the Nicolinas to be recognized as an intangible cultural heritage.[114]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Guimarães prepara-se para receber as Festas Nicolinas" [Guimarães prepares to host the Nicolinas Festivities] (in Portuguese). 7 November 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  2. ^ Mota, Carla (21 January 2022). "Nicolinas em Guimarães – O Pinheiro e as festas estudantis" [Nicolinas in Guimarães – Pinheiro and the student parties]. Viajar entre Viagens (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  3. ^ "Capela de São Nicolau" [Chapel Of Saint Nicholas]. www.monumentos.gov.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 29 November 2024. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  4. ^ "Festas Nicolinas" [Nicolinas Festivities]. www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  5. ^ a b "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – S. Nicolau" [AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Saint Nicholas]. www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  6. ^ "Festas Nicolinas 2023" [Nicolinas Festivities 2023]. visitguimaraes. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  7. ^ a b Neves, António Amaro (18 November 2018). "Do direito de pertencer à Comissão de Festas Nicolinas" [The right to belong to the Nicolinas Festivities Committee] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Festas Nicolinas" [Nicolinas Festivities]. Portuguese from Portugal (in Portuguese). 7 November 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Nicolino" [Nicolino]. Infopedia (in Portuguese). Infopedia Portugal.
  10. ^ "Chapel of St Nicholas" (in Portuguese). Heritage Architectural Information, Portuguese Ministry of Culture. Archived from the original on 23 October 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  11. ^ a b "Matriz PCI – Ficha de Património Imaterial – Festas Nicolinas" [Matrix ICH – Sheet of Intangible Cultural Heritage – Nicolinas Festivities]. matrizpci.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  12. ^ a b Neves, António Amaro (7 December 2015). "Festas Nicolinas: história e tradição" [Nicolinas Festivities: history and tradition] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.
  13. ^ "125 Anos Nicolinas" [125 Years of the Nicolinas]. Scribd (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 7 October 2024. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
  14. ^ Guimarães, Mais (1 December 2020). "Festas Nicolinas: História e Tradição" [Nicolinas Festivities: history and tradition]. Mais Guimarães (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  15. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Guimarães e as suas Festas" [AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Guimarães and its parties]. www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Nicolinas" (in European Portuguese). Guimarães Municipality. Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  17. ^ Mota, Carla (21 January 2022). "Nicolinas em Guimarães – O Pinheiro e as festas estudantis" [Nicolinas in Guimarães – The Pinheiro and student parties]. Viajar entre Viagens (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  18. ^ Geral. "Festas Nicolinas chegam ao fim com o Baile da Saudade" [Nicolinas Festivities come to an end with the Baile da Saudade]. Guimaraesdigital.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  19. ^ Guimarães, Mais (13 April 2020). "Pontos de (des)interesse: Escola da Veiga" [Points of (un)interest: Veiga School]. Mais Guimarães (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 15 October 2024. Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  20. ^ Neves, António Amaro das; Saraiva, Clara; Castro, Hugo; Faria, Rui. "As Festas Nicolinas em Guimarães: tempo, solenidade e riso" [The Nicolinas Festivities in Guimarães: time, solemnity and laughter] (PDF). www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 28 September 2024.
  21. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Festas Nicolinas" [AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Nicolinas Festivities]. www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  22. ^ "Pinheiro – 29 de Novembro" [Pinheiro – 29th of November]. nicolinas.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  23. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Ceias Nicolinas" [AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Nicolinas supper]. www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 April 2025. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Pinheiro". www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  25. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Programa" [AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Programme]. www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  26. ^ "Battle of São Mamede – Portuguese history". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2020. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
  27. ^ César Gonçalves & Cunha 2016, pp. 11–12.
  28. ^ a b Carvalho 1956, pp. 95–97.
  29. ^ Gomes, Adelino (29 November 2002). "Festas nicolinas levam milhares de vimaranenses para a rua" [Nicolinas festivities bring thousands of Vimaranenses to the streets]. Publico (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  30. ^ Minho, O. (30 November 2023). "Guimarães: 8 intoxicações alcoólicas, duas súbitas e duas quedas na abertura das Nicolinas" [Guimarães: 8 alcoholic intoxications, two sudden injuries and two falls at the opening of the Nicolinas Festival]. O Minho (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  31. ^ Guimarães, Mais (29 November 2019). "O "Álcool" e as Festas Nicolinas" [Alcohol and the Nicolinas Festivities]. Mais Guimarães (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  32. ^ Renascença. "Mapas e Números do Coronavirus" [Maps and Numbers of Covid-19]. Renascença (in Portuguese). Retrieved 6 June 2025.
  33. ^ SAPO (29 November 2020). "Covid-19: PSP pede que Festas Nicolinas em Guimarães sejam celebradas em casa" [Covid-19: PSP asks for the Nicolinas festivities in Guimarães to be celebrated at home]. SAPO 24 (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  34. ^ "Ajuntamento nas Festas Nicolinas em Guimarães" [Gathering at the Nicolinas Festivities in Guimarães]. SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 29 November 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  35. ^ "Centenas de pessoas reuném-se no centro histórico de Guimarães para assinalar arranque das festas nicolinas" [Hundreds of people gather in the historic center of Guimarães to mark the start of the Nicolinas festivities]. www.cm-tv.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  36. ^ "Festas Nicolinas criam ajuntamento de centenas de pessoas em Guimarães" [Nicolinas festivities bring hundreds of people together in Guimarães] (in Portuguese). 29 November 2020. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  37. ^ ZAP (30 November 2020). "Apesar do apelo das autoridades, centenas de pessoas saíram à rua para fazer a festa em Guimarães" [Despite the authorities' appeal, hundreds of people went to the streets to celebrate in Guimarães]. ZAP Notícias – Atualidade, mundo, ciência, saúde, desporto (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  38. ^ "Nicolinas 2020 condicionadas pela pandemia mas sem vontade de por em causa a tradição" [Nicolinas 2020 conditioned by the pandemic but unwilling to jeopardize tradition]. reflexodigital.com. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  39. ^ Carli, Paolo (2021). "Risposte urbane rapide per nuovi spazi inclusivi e habitat durante la pandemia" [Urban responses for new inclusive spaces and habitats during the pandemic] (PDF) (in Italian). Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  40. ^ Lusa (29 November 2020). "Covid-19. Após "concentração anormal de pessoas" em Guimarães, PSP pede que Nicolinas sejam celebradas em casa" [Covid-19. After "abnormal concentration of people" in Guimarães, PSP asks that Nicolinas be celebrated at home]. PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  41. ^ Lusa, Agência. "Multidão junta-se nas Festas Nicolinas em Guimarães, apesar de apelo em contrário da PSP e da autarquia" [Crowds gather at the Nicolinas Festivities in Guimarães, despite appeals to the contrary from the PSP and the municipality]. Observador (in Portuguese). Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  42. ^ "Centenas de pessoas reuném-se no centro histórico de Guimarães para assinalar arranque das festas nicolinas" [Hundreds of people gather in the historic center of Guimarães to mark the start of the Nicolinas festivities]. www.cmjornal.pt (in Portuguese). 29 November 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  43. ^ "Festas Nicolinas em Guimarães: pandemia condicionou, mas não matou tradição estudantil" [Nicolinas Festivities in Guimarães: pandemic conditioned, but didn't kill the academic tradition]. SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 30 November 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  44. ^ "Comissão de Festas: responsáveis da Câmara "não respeitaram o compromisso"" [Nicolinas Festivities Committee: City Council responsibles "didn't accomplish what was agreed"]. jornaldeguimaraes.pt (in Portuguese). 26 November 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  45. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (30 November 2021). "Guimarães. Festas Nicolinas juntaram cerca de 50 mil pessoas" [Guimarães. The Nicolinas festivities brought together around 50,000 people]. RTP (broadcasting) (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  46. ^ "Congresso e Festas Nicolinas. PCP e PSD trocam "farpas" sobre cumprimento de regras anticovid" [Congress and Nicolinas Festivities. PCP and PSD clash over compliance with anti-covid rules]. www.dn.pt (in Portuguese). 3 December 2020. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  47. ^ João de Meira. "Pregão of 1905" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2025. As long as there is a single student in Guimarães, with the strength to play, with soul, with a drum, the Festival will live on, proud and triumphant, and no-one will be able to accompany it to the grave!
  48. ^ a b "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Novenas/Matinas". www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  49. ^ "Capela de Nossa Senhora da Conceição" [Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Conceição]. www.monumentos.gov.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 19 May 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  50. ^ Carvalho 1956, pp. 103–106.
  51. ^ a b c d e "As Festas Nicolinas em Guimarães – Propostas de valorização Turístico-Cultural" [The Nicolinas Festivities in Guimarães – Proposals for tourism and cultural development] (PDF) (in Portuguese). University of Minho. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  52. ^ "Toque Nicolino – Novenas" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  53. ^ a b c "Posses e Magusto". www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  54. ^ "Nicolinas – Posses e Magusto" [Nicolinas – Possessions and Magusto]. www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  55. ^ Carvalho 1956, pp. 107–114.
  56. ^ a b "Pregão". www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  57. ^ a b "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Pregão" [AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Pregão]. www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  58. ^ "Festas Nicolinos 2022 – Contejo do Pinheiro, Pregão e Macazinhas em Guimarães" [Nicolinos Festivities 2022 – Contejo do Pinheiro, Pregão and Macazinhas in Guimarães] (PDF). www.cm-guimaraes.pt. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  59. ^ Neves, António Amaro (8 December 2011). "O Pregão de 1854, pelo nicolino Francisco Martins Sarmento" [The Pregão of 1854, by Nicolino Francisco Martins Sarmento] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  60. ^ Meireles, Maria José. "S. Nicolau – documentos e pregões existentes na SMS" [St Nicolas – existing documents and tenders at the SMS] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Casa de Sarmento. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  61. ^ a b Silva, Lino Moreira da. "João de Meira, Autor de "Pregões Nicolinas"" [João de Meira, Author of "Pregões Nicolinas"] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Guimarães Magazine 2012–2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 February 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  62. ^ a b Castro, Hugo. "Zabumbas e Pancadas: Configurações e Práticas Percussivas Nicolinas" [Ruffling and Hitting: Nicolinas Percussive Configurations and Practices] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  63. ^ "João de Meira, autor de "Pregões Nicolinos"" [João de Meira, author of "Pregões Nicolinos"]. www.csarmento.uminho.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  64. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  65. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Maçãzinhas". www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  66. ^ "Maçãzinhas". em.guimaraes.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 May 2025.
  67. ^ a b c "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Lanças". nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  68. ^ "Maçazinhas realizam-se esta sexta-feira no Largo do Toural". Guimaraesdigital.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 May 2025.
  69. ^ Geral. "VÍDEO: NICOLINAS 2024: "Maçãzinhas" levaram centenas de jovens e curiosos ao Centro Histórico". Guimaraesdigital.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 May 2025.
  70. ^ a b c d "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Danças de S. Nicolau". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "As Festas Nicolinas, em Guimarães: tempo, solenidade e riso" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  72. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Baile Nicolino". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  73. ^ "Baile Nicolino". www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  74. ^ a b c d e f "As Festas Nicolinas, em Guimarães: tempo, solenidade e riso" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
  75. ^ "Facebook". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  76. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Torre dos Almadas". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  77. ^ Guimarães, Mais (11 November 2021). "Velhos Nicolinos: Qualquer recuo "será uma desilusão"". Mais Guimarães (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  78. ^ a b c d Neves, António Amaro (5 December 2021). "As Nicolinas, as Roubalheiras e a Comissão" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  79. ^ Neto, Maria Inês (29 November 2020). "Folgar rapazes! Folgar, folgar… que só para o ano torna a voltar". Revista RUA (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  80. ^ Dias, Rui (2 December 2022). "Roubalheiras Nicolinas em Guimarães. Além de um touro, até uma cabra foi parar ao largo do Toural". O Minho (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  81. ^ ""Roubalheiras" coloriram o Largo do Toural esta manhã". Jornal de Notícias (in Portuguese). 4 December 2023. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  82. ^ Machado Principal, Delfim (7 December 2020). "Nicolinos de Guimarães fazem Roubalheiras de forma simbólica". Jornal de Notícias. Archived from the original on 26 January 2024. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  83. ^ "VÍDEO: Roubalheiras nicolinas foram na última madrugada". Guimaraesdigital.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  84. ^ "Festas Nicolinas – Book 1". calameo.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  85. ^ Guimarães, Mais (4 November 2022). "Caixas e bombos afinados: Sábados de novembro são sinónimo de Moinas". Mais Guimarães (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  86. ^ "Caixas e Bombos já 'mexem'". www.cm-guimaraes.pt (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  87. ^ "Moina Rehearsal". ESN Minho. 14 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  88. ^ Neves, António Amaro (28 September 2013). "Festas Nicolinas". acfn-festasnicolinas.blogspot.com (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  89. ^ FPGuimarães (23 October 2023). "Aproximam-se as Nicolinas e estão confirmados os habituais ensaios e Moinas – FreePass Guimarães" (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  90. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Moinas". www.nicolinos.pt. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  91. ^ Geral. "'Moinas' trazem nicolinos para as ruas de Guimarães". Guimaraesdigital.pt (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  92. ^ Neves, António Amaro (30 November 2010). "Festas Nicolinas". acfn-festasnicolinas.blogspot.com (in Portuguese). Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  93. ^ a b c "Dízimo de Urgezes – Junta Freguesia Urgezes" (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  94. ^ a b c "História – Junta Freguesia Urgezes" (in European Portuguese). Archived from the original on 28 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  95. ^ a b "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos –". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 25 December 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  96. ^ "DÍZIMO DE URGEZES – Junta Freguesia Urgezes" [TITHE OF URGEZES – Local Assembly Urgezes] (in Portuguese). Retrieved 12 June 2025.
  97. ^ "Monumento Nicolino – O que saber antes de ir (ATUALIZADO 2024)". Tripadvisor (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  98. ^ a b c "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Monumento Nicolino". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  99. ^ Portugal, Rádio e Televisão de (22 November 2007). "Festas Nicolinas com inauguração de escultura-monumento da autoria de José de Guimarães" [Nicolinas festivities with inauguration of sculpture-Monument by José de Guimarães]. rtp.pt/ (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  100. ^ Gouveia, Silvia Pereira E. Beatriz (25 January 2010). "Nicolinas: Monumento nicolino". Nicolinas. Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  101. ^ "Bibliotecas DRCN". Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  102. ^ "Largo da República do Brasil". Archived from the original on 2 January 2024. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  103. ^ a b c "Arquivo: O Traje Nicolino". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2025.
  104. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – O Traje Nicolino". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  105. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Símbolo". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  106. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Património Oral e Imaterial da Humanidade". www.nicolinos.pt. Archived from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  107. ^ Moreira da Silva, Lino. "Nicolinas a "Património Oral e Imaterial da Humanidade"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 June 2013. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  108. ^ "Candidaturas a Património Cultural paradas há três anos" [Cultural Heritage applications stalled for three years] (PDF) (in Portuguese).
  109. ^ "Guimarães: Festas Nicolinas querem ser Património Imaterial – Correio do Minho" [Guimarães: Nicolinas parties want to be Intangible Heritage-Correio do Minho]. correiodominho.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.
  110. ^ a b c "Novidades" [News]. nicolinas.net (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  111. ^ "AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Património Oral e Imaterial da Humanidade" [AAELG – Velhos Nicolinos – Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]. www.nicolinos.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 4 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  112. ^ Dias, Rui (8 December 2023). "Nicolinas aguardam há sete anos por decisão da Direção-Geral do Património Cultural" [Nicolinas have been waiting for seven years for the decision of the Directorate-General for Cultural Heritage]. Mais Guimarães (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  113. ^ a b Ribeiro, José Luís; Silva, Esser Jorge (December 2024). "Lino Moreira da Silva: "Deixou de se falar em Unesco e Festas Nicolinas"" [Lino Moreira da Silva: "We've stopped talking about Unesco and the Nicolinas Festivities"]. jornaldeguimaraes.pt (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 5 April 2025. Retrieved 5 April 2025.
  114. ^ Geral (4 April 2025). "Presidente do IPC quer ver as Nicolinas inscritas no inventário do Património Cultural Imaterial" [President of the IPC wants to see the Nicolinas inscribed in the inventory of Intangible Cultural Heritage]. Guimaraesdigital.pt (in Portuguese). Retrieved 4 April 2025.

Bibliography

  • Araújo, Francisco Miguel (2013). Pelos trilhos biográficos de João de Meira (1881–1913) [By the Biographical Trails of João de Meira (1881–1913)] (in Portuguese). Sociedade Martins Sarmento.
  • Carvalho, A. L. de (1956). O S. Nicolau dos Estudantes [Saint Nicholas of the students] (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Guimarães: Oficinas de São José. Archived from the original on 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024 – via Issuu.
  • César Gonçalves, Paulo; Cunha, Gabriela (2016). Manual (Para um pequeno) Nicolino [Manual (for a little) Nicolino] (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Guimarães: Minhografe. ISBN 978-989-20-7058-2.
  • Dantas, António, ed. (8 December 1920). Os 'Velhos' [The 'Old ones'] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Guimarães: Tipografia Minerva Vimaranense. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  • Monteiro, Hernâni (1925). 'Prof. João de Meira' in História do ensino médico no Porto:suplemento ['Prof. João de Meira' in History of Medical Education in Porto] (in Portuguese). Enciclopédia Portuguesa.
  • Pimenta, José Ramiro (2007). O Lugar do Passado em Martins Sarmento. Geo-historiografia do programa de investigação arqueológica da *Cultura Castreja (1876–1899) [The Place of the Past in Martins Sarmento. Geo-historiography of the archaeological research program of Cultura Castreja (1876–1899)] (PDF). University of Minho (PhD Thesis). Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  • Pimenta, José Ramiro (2008). O Lugar do Passado em Martins Sarmento [The Place of the Past in Martins Sarmento] (in Portuguese). Porto: Figueirinhas.
  • de Alcântara Santos, Manuela (1994). Sob o signo de S. Nicolau [Under the sign of St. Nicholas] (PDF) (in Portuguese). Guimarães: Alberto Sampaio Museum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  • Vasconcelos, Manuela. Alguns vultos do Movimento Espírita Português [Some figures from the Portuguese Spiritist Movement] (in Portuguese).
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roubalheiras