Pleurobema rubellum
| Pleurobema rubellum | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Mollusca |
| Class: | Bivalvia |
| Order: | Unionida |
| Family: | Unionidae |
| Genus: | Pleurobema |
| Species: | P. rubellum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pleurobema rubellum (Conrad, 1834)
| |
| Synonyms[3] | |
| |
Pleurobema rubellum, the warrior pigtoe, is a species of freshwater mussel in the family Unionidae.[2][3][4][5] It is endemic to the United States[2][4] and occurs in the Black Warrior River system, Alabama.[2]
Habitat and conservation
Pleurobema rubellum are usually found in sand or sand-gravel substrate in small rivers and large streams with clear water and moderate flow.[2]
In the past, this species was widespread within the Black Warrior River system, but at present only few isolated populations remain as the consequence of habitat alteration (impoundment) and degradation (siltation, pollution).[2] While several species are now classified as synonyms of Pleurobema rubellum,[3][4][5] they continue to be listed separately by the IUCN: Pleurobema avellanum (hazel pigtoe) as "extinct",[6] Pleurobema furvum (dark pigtoe) as "critically endangered",[7] and Pleurobema hagleri (brown pigtoe) as "extinct".[8] Pleurobema rubellum, assessed in 2012 separately from these former species, was also assessed as "critically endangered".[1]
References
- ^ a b Bogan, A.; Cordeiro, J. (2012). "Pleurobema rubellum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012 e.T17692A1453947. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T17692A1453947.en. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
- ^ a b c d e f "Pleurobema rubellum Warrior Pigtoe". NatureServe. 30 January 2026. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
- ^ a b c Bieler R, Bouchet P, Gofas S, Marshall B, Rosenberg G, La Perna R, Neubauer TA, Sartori AF, Schneider S, Vos C, ter Poorten JJ, Taylor J, Dijkstra H, Finn J, Bank R, Neubert E, Moretzsohn F, Faber M, Houart R, Picton B, Garcia-Alvarez O, eds. (2026). "Pleurobema rubellum (Conrad, 1834)". MolluscaBase. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
- ^ a b c Graf, Dan & Cummings, Kevin. "genus Pleurobema Rafinesque, 1819". MUSSEL Project Database. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
- ^ a b Williams, James D.; Bogan, Arthur E.; Butler, Robert S.; Cummings, Kevin S.; Garner, Jeffrey T.; Harris, John L.; Johnson, Nathan A. & Watters, G. Thomas (2017). "A Revised List of the Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionida) of the United States and Canada". Freshwater Mollusk Biology and Conservation. 20 (2): 33–58. doi:10.31931/fmbc.v20i2.2017.33-58.
- ^ Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000). "Pleurobema avellanum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000 e.T17673A7292223. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17673A7292223.en. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
- ^ Bogan, A.E. (1996). "Pleurobema furvum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996 e.T17681A7308982. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T17681A7308982.en. Retrieved 3 February 2026.
- ^ Bogan, A.E. (Mollusc Specialist Group). (2000). "Pleurobema hagleri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2000 e.T17684A7314888. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17684A7314888.en. Retrieved 3 February 2026.