The following lists events that happened during 1943 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

• General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union — Joseph Stalin
• Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union — Mikhail Kalinin
• Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Soviet Union — Joseph Stalin

• January 15–25 — World War II: Battle of Voronezh (1943)

• February 2 — The Battle of Stalingrad officially ends with General Karl Strecker's surrender to Soviet forces.
• February 10–13 — World War II: Battle of Krasny Bor

• July 12 — World War II: Battle of Prokhorovka, part of the Battle of Kursk

• Battle of Kursk

• October 30 — World War II: The Moscow Declaration is signed by the United States, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union during the Moscow Conference.

• November 6 — The 26th Anniversary of the October Revolution Celebration Meeting^[1]

• January 14 — Mariss Jansons, Latvian conductor (d. 2019)
• January 18 — Vladimir Fedotov, Soviet and Russian football striker (d. 2009)
• February 1 — Viktor Dubynin, 1st Chief of the General Staff of the Russian Armed Forces (d. 1992)
• February 4 — Sergei Dubov, Russian journalist, publisher and entrepreneur (d. 1994)
• February 18 — Valery Zorkin, 1st and 4th President of the Constitutional Court of Russia
• February 21 — Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Russian novelist
• February 22 — Eduard Limonov, Russian writer, poet, publicist and political dissident (d. 2020)
• February 26 — Kazimira Prunskiene, 1st Prime Minister of Lithuania
• May 4 — Mihail Chemiakin, Russian-American painter, stage designer, sculptor and publisher
• May 17
  • Alexander Lenkov, Soviet and Russian film, stage and voice actor (d. 2014)
  • Valentina Kamenyok-Vinogradova, volleyball player (d. 2002)
• May 29 — Ion Ciubuc, 3rd Prime Minister of Moldova (d. 2018)
• June 9 — Viktor Aristov, film director and screenwriter (d. 1994)
• June 11 — Oleg Vidov, Russian-American actor (d. 2017)
• June 17 — Vitaly Parkhimovich, rifle shooter (d. 1995)
• June 30 — Viktor Chistiakov, actor and parodist (d. 1972)
• July 6 — Tamara Sinyavskaya, Russian mezzo-soprano
• July 17 — Vadim Ivanov, Soviet and Russian football player and coach (d. 1996)
• August 10 — Yuri Khaliullin, Soviet and Russian naval officer (d. 2022)
• August 14 — Vyacheslav Lebedev, 1st Chief Justice of the Russian Federation (d. 2024)
• August 31 — Leonid Ivashov, Russian military and public official
• October 5 — Inna Churikova, Soviet and Russian stage and film actress (d. 2023)
• November 7
  • Nasirdin Isanov, 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. 1991)
  • Boris Gromov, 2nd Governor of Moscow Oblast

• January 3 — Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli, Azerbaijani statesman (b. 1887)
• January 4 — Marina Raskova, navigator (b. 1912)
• January 26 — Nikolai Vavilov, botanist and geneticist (b. 1887)
• January 29 — Vladimir Kokovtsov, 4th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1853)
• February 9 — Dmitry Kardovsky, painter and illustrator (b. 1866)
• February 23 — Grigory Kravchenko, test pilot and air force general (b. 1912)
• March 11 — Leonid Khrushchev, fighter pilot and son of Nikita Khrushchev (b. 1917)
• March 31 — Pavel Milyukov, historian and liberal politician (b. 1859)
• April 14 — Yakov Dzhugashvili, eldest son of Joseph Stalin (b. 1907)
• April 25 — Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko, theatre director, writer, pedagogue, playwright, producer and theatre administrator (b. 1858)
• May 2 — Konstantin Pamfilov, statesman (b. 1901)
• May 19 — Kristjan Raud, painter and drawer (b. 1865)
• May 24 — Johannes Orasmaa, Estonian general (b. 1890)
• July 14 — Mariya Borovichenko, medical officer (b. 1925)
• August 5 — Iosif Apanasenko, commander (b. 1890)
• November 5 — Samad Abdullayev, army officer (b. 1920)
• November 28 — Aleksander Hellat, Estonian politician (b. 1881)
• December 4 — Yemelyan Yaroslavsky, revolutionary, functionary, journalist and historian (b. 1878)

• 1943 in fine arts of the Soviet Union
• List of Soviet films of 1943