Icosidodecahedron represents or in vertex configuration

In geometry, a vertex configuration is a shorthand notation for representing a polyhedron or tiling as the sequence of faces around a vertex. It has variously been called a vertex description,[1][2][3] vertex type,[4][5] vertex symbol,[6][7] vertex arrangement,[8] vertex pattern,[9] face-vector,[10] vertex sequence.[11] It is also called a Cundy and Rollett symbol for its usage for the Archimedean solids in their 1952 book Mathematical Models.[12][13][14] For uniform polyhedra, there is only one vertex type and therefore the vertex configuration fully defines the polyhedron. (Chiral polyhedra exist in mirror-image pairs with the same vertex configuration.)

For example, "3.5.3.5" indicates a vertex belonging to 4 faces, alternating triangles and pentagons. This vertex configuration defines the vertex-transitive icosidodecahedron. The notation is cyclic and therefore is equivalent with different starting points, so 3.5.3.5 is the same as 5.3.5.3. The order is important, so 3.3.5.5 is different from 3.5.3.5 (the first has two triangles followed by two pentagons). Repeated elements can be collected as exponents so this example is also represented as (3.5)2.

Notation

Regular vertex figure nets, {p,q} = pq

{3,3} = 33
Defect 180°
{3,4} = 34
Defect 120°
{3,5} = 35
Defect 60°
{3,6} =

36
Defect 0°


{4,3}
Defect 90°
{4,4} =

44
Defect 0°


{5,3} = 53
Defect 36°
{6,3} =

63
Defect 0°

A vertex needs at least 3 faces, and an angle defect.
A 0° angle defect will fill the Euclidean plane with regular tiling.
By Descartes' theorem, the number of vertices is 720°/defect (4π radians/defect).

The vertex configuration is the notation for polyhedron or tilling. The notation is written as numbers and separators, wherein numbers represent the polygonal face around a vertex.[15] The separator in the vertex configuration notation occasionally uses commas instead of dot separator.[16] Nevertheless, the period operator can be considered as the product, and it may simplified in the exponentiation form. For example, icosidodecahedron denotes because, in each vertex, there are alternating equilateral triangulars and regular pentagonal faces. This can be sometimes written as .

The vertex configuration notation can also be considered an expansive form of the simple Schläfli symbol for regular polyhedra. The Schläfli notation comprises two elements and a comma separator in a curly brawl , where denotes the number of polygonal faces and denoted the number of how many polygonal faces are met in a vertex. Hence, the Schlafli notation can be written as in times, or simply .[15]

This notation applies to polygonal tilings as well as polyhedra. A planar vertex configuration denotes a uniform tiling just like a nonplanar vertex configuration denotes a uniform polyhedron.

The notation is ambiguous for chiral forms. For example, the snub cube has clockwise and counterclockwise forms which are identical across mirror images. Both have a 3.3.3.3.4 vertex configuration.

Star polygons

The notation also applies for nonconvex regular faces, the star polygons. For example, a pentagram has the symbol {5/2}, meaning it has 5 sides going around the centre twice.

For example, there are 4 regular star polyhedra with regular polygon or star polygon vertex figures. The small stellated dodecahedron has the Schläfli symbol of {5/2,5} which expands to an explicit vertex configuration 5/2.5/2.5/2.5/2.5/2 or combined as (5/2)5. The great stellated dodecahedron, {5/2,3} has a triangular vertex figure and configuration (5/2.5/2.5/2) or (5/2)3. The great dodecahedron, {5,5/2} has a pentagrammic vertex figure, with vertex configuration is (5.5.5.5.5)/2 or (55)/2. A great icosahedron, {3,5/2} also has a pentagrammic vertex figure, with vertex configuration (3.3.3.3.3)/2 or (35)/2.

{5/2,5} = (5/2)5 {5/2,3} = (5/2)3 34.5/2 34.5/3 (34.5/2)/2
{5,5/2} = (55)/2 {3,5/2} = (35)/2 V.34.5/2 V34.5/3 V(34.5/2)/2

Inverted polygons

Faces on a vertex figure are considered to progress in one direction. Some uniform polyhedra have vertex figures with inversions where the faces progress retrograde. A vertex figure represents this in the star polygon notation of sides p/q such that p<2q, where p is the number of sides and q the number of turns around a circle. For example, "3/2" means a triangle that has vertices that go around twice, which is the same as backwards once. Similarly "5/3" is a backwards pentagram 5/2.

All uniform vertex configurations of regular convex polygons

See also: Archimedean_solid § Classification, Tiling by regular polygons § Combinations of regular polygons that can meet at a vertex, and Uniform tiling § Expanded lists of uniform tilings

Semiregular polyhedra have vertex configurations with positive angle defect.

NOTE: The vertex figure can represent a regular or semiregular tiling on the plane if its defect is zero. It can represent a tiling of the hyperbolic plane if its defect is negative.

For uniform polyhedra, the angle defect can be used to compute the number of vertices. Descartes' theorem states that all the angle defects in a topological sphere must sum to 4π radians or 720 degrees.

Since uniform polyhedra have all identical vertices, this relation allows us to compute the number of vertices, which is 4π/defect or 720/defect.

Example: A truncated cube 3.8.8 has an angle defect of 30 degrees. Therefore, it has 720/30 = 24 vertices.

In particular it follows that {a,b} has 4 / (2 - b(1 - 2/a)) vertices.

Every enumerated vertex configuration potentially uniquely defines a semiregular polyhedron. However, not all configurations are possible.

Topological requirements limit existence. Specifically p.q.r implies that a p-gon is surrounded by alternating q-gons and r-gons, so either p is even or q equals r. Similarly q is even or p equals r, and r is even or p equals q. Therefore, potentially possible triples are 3.3.3, 3.4.4, 3.6.6, 3.8.8, 3.10.10, 3.12.12, 4.4.n (for any n>2), 4.6.6, 4.6.8, 4.6.10, 4.6.12, 4.8.8, 5.5.5, 5.6.6, 6.6.6. In fact, all these configurations with three faces meeting at each vertex turn out to exist.

The number in parentheses is the number of vertices, determined by the angle defect.

Triples
Quadruples
Quintuples
Sextuples

Face configuration

Rhombic dodecahedron

The uniform dual or Catalan solids, including the bipyramids and trapezohedra, are vertically-regular (face-transitive) and so they can be identified by a similar notation which is sometimes called face configuration.[17] Cundy and Rollett prefixed these dual symbols by a V. In contrast, Tilings and patterns uses square brackets around the symbol for isohedral tilings.

This notation represents a sequential count of the number of faces that exist at each vertex around a face.[12] For example, V3.4.3.4 or V(3.4)2 represents the rhombic dodecahedron which is face-transitive: every face is a rhombus, and alternating vertices of the rhombus contain 3 or 4 faces each.

References

  1. ^ Archimedean Polyhedra Archived 2017-07-05 at the Wayback Machine Steven Dutch
  2. ^ Uniform Polyhedra Jim McNeill
  3. ^ Uniform Polyhedra and their Duals Robert Webb
  4. ^ Symmetry-type graphs of Platonic and Archimedean solids, Jurij Kovič, (2011)
  5. ^ 3. General Theorems: Regular and Semi-Regular Tilings Kevin Mitchell, 1995
  6. ^ Resources for Teaching Discrete Mathematics: Classroom Projects, History, modules, and articles, edited by Brian Hopkins
  7. ^ Vertex Symbol Robert Whittaker
  8. ^ Structure and Form in Design: Critical Ideas for Creative Practice By Michael Hann
  9. ^ Symmetry-type graphs of Platonic and Archimedean solids Jurij Kovič
  10. ^ Deza, Michel; Shtogrin, Mikhail (2000), "Uniform partitions of 3-space, their relatives and embedding", European Journal of Combinatorics, 21 (6): 807–814, arXiv:math/9906034, doi:10.1006/eujc.1999.0385, MR 1791208
  11. ^ Boag, Tom; Boberg, Charles; Hughes, Lyn (1979). "On Archimedean Solids". The Mathematics Teacher. 72 (5): 371–376. doi:10.5951/MT.72.5.0371. ISSN 0025-5769. JSTOR 27961672.
  12. ^ a b Cundy, Martyn; Rollett, A. (1989). Mathematical Models (3rd ed.). Stradbroke, England: Tarquin Pub. See 3.7 The Archimedean Polyhedra, pp. 101–115, pp. 118–119 in Table I, Nets of Archimedean Duals, as vertically-regular symbols.
  13. ^ Divided Spheres: Geodesics and the Orderly Subdivision of the Sphere 6.4.1 Cundy-Rollett symbol, p. 164
  14. ^ Laughlin (2014), p. 16
  15. ^ a b Walter, Steurer; Deloudi, Sofia (2009). Crystallography of Quasicrystals: Concepts, Methods and Structures. p. 50. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01899-2.
  16. ^ Cromwell, Peter (1977). "The Archimedean solids". Polyhedra. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–167.
  17. ^ Crystallography of Quasicrystals: Concepts, Methods and Structures by Walter Steurer, Sofia Deloudi, (2009) pp. 18–20 and 51–53
  • Williams, Robert (1979). The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. Dover Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-486-23729-X. Uses Cundy-Rollett symbol.
  • Grünbaum, Branko; Shephard, G. C. (1987). Tilings and Patterns. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 0-7167-1193-1. Pp. 58–64, Tilings of regular polygons a.b.c.... (Tilings by regular polygons and star polygons) pp. 95–97, 176, 283, 614–620, Monohedral tiling symbol [v1.v2. ... .vr]. pp. 632–642 hollow tilings.
  • The Symmetries of Things 2008, John H. Conway, Heidi Burgiel, Chaim Goodman-Strauss, ISBN 978-1-56881-220-5 (p. 289 Vertex figures, uses comma separator, for Archimedean solids and tilings).
Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_configuration
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