Vilner/Wilner is a German and Jewish surname meaning (in Yiddish) "from Wilna/Vilne" (Hebrew: וילנר). Alternative form: Vilensky/Wilenski. Notable people with the surname include:

• Alan M. Wilner (born 1937), American jurist
• Eleanor Wilner (born 1937), American poet and editor
• Chaim Vilner, a name Chaim Grade used in his semi-biographical works
• Izrael Chaim Wilner (1917 - 1943), Jewish resistance fighter and participant in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.
• Liron Vilner (born 1979), Israeli footballer
• Max Wilner, (1895-1956) Yiddish Actor
• Max R. Wilner, (1881-??), David Kessler's step-son. Involved in early Yiddish Theatre
• Meir Vilner (1918–2003), Israeli politician
• Robert F. Wilner (1889-1960), Suffragan Bishop of the Philippine Islands
• Sheri Wilner (born 1969) American playwright
• Thomas Wilner (born 1944), partner of Shearman & Sterling's International Trade and Global Relations Practice
• Sidney (Sid) Wilner (born 1929) American actor of Yiddish Theatre
• Yakov Vilner (1899–1931), Ukrainian chess player

• Vilna Troupe, or Vilner trupe in Yiddish
• Vilna Gaon, or Vilner Gaon
• Vilner tog, Yiddish nespaper published in 1920s-30s