Rann of Kutch

Not to be confused with Great Rann of Kutch or Little Rann of Kutch.

Rann of Kutch
Ecology
RealmIndomalayan
Biomeflooded grasslands and savannas
Borders
Geography
Area27,454 km2 (10,600 mi2)
Countries
States (India), Provinces (Pakistan)
Conservation
Conservation statusRelatively stable/intact[1]
Protected20,946 km2 (76%)[2]

The Rann of Kutch (IPA: [ɾən...kət͡ːʃʰ]) is a large area of salt marshes located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, and spans the border between India and Pakistan. Most of the region is located in the Kutch district of the Indian state of Gujarat, with a minor portion extending into the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is further sub-divided geographically into the Great Rann and Little Rann.

The region used to be part of low lying peneplain submerged under the Arabian Sea, and when the waters receded, it left behind the salt marshes, which formed the Rann of Kutch. The Luni River flowed into the Rann of Kutch, however when the hydrography changed when the Rann dried up, the Luni ended up as an inland river flowing into the Thar desert to the north.

Geography

Rann of Kutch is subdivided into Great Rann and Little Rann

The Rann of Kutch spans 27,454 km2 (10,600 sq mi) and is located mostly in the Kutch district of the Indian state of Gujarat with a portion extending into the Pakistani province of Sindh. The word Rann or Rinn means "desert" in Sindhi and Gujarati. It is further subdivided into the Great Rann of Kutch, the larger portion of the Rann, which has the Thar Desert to the north, the low hills of Kutch to the south, and the Indus River Delta to the west. The Little Rann of Kutch lies southeast of the Great Rann, and extends southwards to the Gulf of Kutch.

The surface is generally flat and very close to sea level, and most of the Rann floods annually during the monsoon season. There are areas of sandy higher ground, known as bets or medaks, which lie two to three metres above flood level. Trees and shrubs grow on the bets, and they provide refuges for wildlife during the annual floods.[1] Several rivers originating in Rajasthan and Gujarat flow into the Rann of Kutch, including the Luni, Bhuki, Bharud, Nara, Kharod, Banas, Saraswati, Rupen, Bambhan, and Machchhu.[3] Kori Creek and Sir Creek are tidal creeks, which are part of the Indus delta, are located at the western end of the Great Rann.

Climate

The climate of the ecoregion is tropical savanna/semi-arid. Temperatures average 44 °C (111 °F) during the hot summer months, and can reach highs of 50 °C (122 °F). During winter the temperature can drop to or below 44 °C (111 °F).[1] Rainfall is highly seasonal. The region is dry for most of the year, and rainfall is concentrated in the southwest monsoon season of June to September. During the monsoon season, local rainfall and river runoff flood much of the Rann to a depth of 50 cm (20 in). The waters evaporate during the long dry season, leaving the Rann dry again by the start of the next monsoon season.[1]

Ecology

Nilgai group at the Little Rann of Kutch

The Rann of Kutch is the only large flooded grasslands zone in the Indomalayan realm.[1] The area has desert on one side and the sea on the other, which enables various ecosystems, including mangroves and desert vegetation.[4] Its grassland and deserts are home to forms of wildlife that have adapted to its often harsh conditions. These include endemic and endangered animal and plant species.[5]

The predominant vegetation in the Rann of Kutch is grassland and thorn scrub. Common grass species include Apluda aristata, Cenchrus spp., Pennisetum spp., Cymbopogon spp., Eragrostis spp., and Elionurus spp.[1] Trees are rare except on the bets which rise above the flood zone. The non-native tree Prosopis juliflora has become established on the bets, and its seed pods provide year-round food for the wild asses.[1]

Lesser flamingos at Rann of Kutch

The Rann of Kutch is home to about 50 species of mammals. They include several large herbivores, including Indian wild ass (Equus hemionus khur), chinkara (Gazella bennettii), nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus), and blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra), and large predators like Indian wolf (Canis lupus), striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena), desert wildcat (Felis lybica), and caracal (Felis caracal). The Indian wild ass once had a wider distribution but is now limited to the Rann of Kutch. The nilgai and blackbuck are threatened species.[1]

There are over 200 bird species in the Rann of Kutch, including the threatened species lesser florican (Sypheotides indicus) and houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata). The seasonal wetlands provide habitat for many water birds, including the demoiselle crane (Grus virgo) and lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor).[1]

History and culture

Ruins at Dholavira

The history of the Rann of Kutch began with early Neolithic settlements. The people of the Indus Civilization appear to have settled in the Rann of Kutch around 3500 BCE.[6] The Indus city of Dholavira, the largest Indus site in India, is located in the Rann of Kutch. This city was built on the Tropic of Cancer, possibly indicating that Dholavira's inhabitants were skilled in astronomy.[7] The Rann of Kutch also contained the industrial site of Khirasara, where a warehouse was found.[8] Indologists hold a view that the Rann of Kutch was, rather than the salt marsh that it is today, a navigable archipelago at the time of the Indus Civilization. The Indus Civilization was known to have an extensive maritime trade system, so there were perhaps ports in the Rann of Kutch.[9] The Rann of Kutch was later part of both the Maurya and Gupta empires.[10][11]

During the British Raj in the early 20th century, a ban on salt harvesting resulted in a protest march by Mahatma Gandhi.[12] The Rann Utsav festival, a three-month long carnival, commemorates the local art forms.[13]

Conservation and protected areas

Further information: Arid Forest Research Institute

As per a 2017 report, about 20,946 km2 (8,087 sq mi), of the ecoregion is designated as protected area.[2] The Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, which covers 7,506.22 km2 (2,898.17 sq mi) and much of the Great Rann, was established in 1986. The Indian Wild Ass Sanctuary, spread across 4,953.71 km2 (1,912.64 sq mi) in the Little Rann, established in 1973.[14] Pakistan's Rann of Kutch Wildlife Sanctuary covers the northern portion of the Great Rann and adjacent Thar Desert.[15]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  2. ^ a b Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b [1]
  3. ^ "Rivers of Gujarat in Kutch region". Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  4. ^ Negi, Sharad Singh (1996). Biosphere reserves in India: landuse, biodiversity and conservation. Indus Publishing. p. 221. ISBN 978-8-173-87043-9.
  5. ^ Sharma, R.P. (10 November 2011). The Indian forester, Volume 127, Issues 7-12. University of Minnesota.
  6. ^ Sengupta, Torsa; Arati Deshpande Mukherjee; et al. (2020). "Did the Harappan settlement of Dholavira (India) collapse during the onset of Meghalayan stage drought?". Journal of Quaternary Science. 35 (3): 382–395. Bibcode:2020JQS....35..382S. doi:10.1002/jqs.3178. S2CID 214252156.
  7. ^ Gopinath, P (15 July 2017). "Ruins on the Tropic of Cancer". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  8. ^ Subramanian, T (6 August 2013). "Excavations reveal Khirsara a major industrial hub of Harappan era". The Hindu. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  9. ^ Gaur, A; K H Vora; et al. (September 2013). "Was the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch) navigable during the Harappan times (Mid-Holocene)? An archaeological perspective". Current Science. 105 (11): 1485–1491. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  10. ^ "The Mauryan Empire of Ancient India". Time Maps.[permanent dead link]
  11. ^ "Gupta Empire". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  12. ^ Dalton; Gandhi, Mahatma (1996). Selected Political Writings.
  13. ^ Eden, Noronha. "Immerse yourself in Gujarat's Rann Utsav". Femina. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  14. ^ "Protected Area Profile for India from the World Database of Protected Areas", UNEP-WCMC, 2020
  15. ^ "Runn of Kutch". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 27 November 2024.

24°05′11″N 70°38′16″E / 24.08639°N 70.63778°E / 24.08639; 70.63778

allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch