UV-visible spectrum of methylparaben

Methylparaben (methyl paraben) one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3O2CC6H4OH. It is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Several related esters are known (ethyl-, propyl-, butylparaben). Together they are the most common preservatives in cosmetics and foods. Among their advantages, parabens are inexpensive, colorless, stable, odorless, and readily biodegraded.[2]

Natural occurrences

Methylparaben serves as a pheromone for a variety of insects[3] and is a component of queen mandibular pheromone.

It is a pheromone in wolves produced[clarification needed] during estrus associated with the behavior of alpha male wolves preventing other males from mounting females in heat.[4][5]

Uses

Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative and has the E number E218.

Methylparaben is commonly used as a fungicide in Drosophila food media at 0.1%.[6] To Drosophila, methylparaben is toxic at higher concentrations, has an estrogenic effect (mimicking estrogen in rats and having anti-androgenic activity), and slows the growth rate in the larval and pupal stages at 0.2%.[7]

Safety

Methylparaben is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral administration in animals.[8] In a population with normal skin, methylparaben is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing; however, allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported.[8] A 2008 study found no competitive binding for human estrogen and androgen receptors for methylparaben, but varying levels of competitive binding were seen with butyl- and isobutyl-paraben.[9]

Some controversy exists about whether methylparaben or propylparabens are harmful at concentrations typically used in body care or cosmetics.[10] Methylparaben and propylparaben are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the USFDA for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation.[11] Methylparaben is readily metabolized by common soil bacteria, making it completely biodegradable.

Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin.[8] It is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted in urine without accumulating in the body.[8]

Methylparaben applied on the skin may react with UVB, leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage.[12][13]

References

  1. ^ "Methylparaben Experimental Properties". PubChem.
  2. ^ Matwiejczuk, Natalia; Galicka, Anna; Brzóska, Małgorzata M. (2020). "Review of the safety of application of cosmetic products containing parabens". Journal of Applied Toxicology. 40 (1): 176–210. doi:10.1002/jat.3917. PMID 31903662.
  3. ^ "Semiochemical - me-4-hydroxybenzoate". pherobase.com.
  4. ^ Mertl-Millhollen, Anne S.; Goodmann, Patricia A.; Klinghammer, Erich (1986). "Wolf scent marking with raised-leg urination". Zoo Biology. 5: 7–20. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430050103.
  5. ^ Steven R. Lindsay (2013). Handbook of Applied Dog Behavior and Training, Adaptation and Learning. John Wiley and Sons.
  6. ^ "Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center".
  7. ^ Gu W, Xie DJ, Hour XW (2009). "Toxicity and Estrogen Effects of Methyl Paraben on Drosophila melanogaster". Food Science. 30 (1): 252–254.
  8. ^ a b c d Soni MG, Taylor SL, Greenberg NA, Burdock GA (October 2002). "Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 40 (10): 1335–73. doi:10.1016/S0278-6915(02)00107-2. PMID 12387298.
  9. ^ Alan AF (2008). "Final amended report on the safety assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products". International Journal of Toxicology. 27 Suppl 4 (Suppl 4): 1–82. doi:10.1080/10915810802548359. PMID 19101832.
  10. ^ Haman, Camille; Dauchy, Xavier; Rosin, Christophe; Munoz, Jean-François (2015). "Occurrence, fate and behavior of parabens in aquatic environments: A review". Water Research. 68: 1–11. Bibcode:2015WatRe..68....1H. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.030. PMID 25462712.
  11. ^ "Parabens". Food and Drug Administration. 9 September 2020.
  12. ^ Handa O, Kokura S, Adachi S, Takagi T, Naito Y, Tanigawa T, et al. (October 2006). "Methylparaben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes". Toxicology. 227 (1–2): 62–72. Bibcode:2006Toxgy.227...62H. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2006.07.018. PMID 16938376.
  13. ^ Okamoto Y, Hayashi T, Matsunami S, Ueda K, Kojima N (August 2008). "Combined activation of methyl paraben by light irradiation and esterase metabolism toward oxidative DNA damage". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 21 (8): 1594–9. doi:10.1021/tx800066u. PMID 18656963.
  • Methylparaben at Hazardous Substances Data Bank
  • Methylparaben Archived 2017-05-01 at the Wayback Machine at Household Products Database
  • European Commission Scientific Committee on Consumer Products Extended Opinion on the Safety Evaluation of Parabens (2005) [1]
Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_paraben
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