The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Classical Latin and Ecclesiastical Latin pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Latin phonology and orthography and Latin regional pronunciation for a more thorough look at the sounds of Latin.

Key

Consonants[1]
IPA Latin
alphabet		 Examples English approximation
Class. Eccl.
b b bellum bean
d d decem deck
dz z[2] zēlus adds
dʒ g[3] gēns giant
f f faciō fan
ɡ g gravis gear
h h[4] habeō her or hour
j i[5] j[5] jūvo yes
k c, k caput scar
kʰ ch[2] charta car
kʷ qu[6] quattuor squash
kᶣ quī (French) cuisine
l l lītus leave
ɫ l[7] multus all
m m[8] manus man
n n[8] noster next
ŋ longus[9] song
g ignis[9]
ɲ gn ignis[9] onion
p p pāx span
pʰ ph[2] pharetra pan
r r regiō trilled or tapped r
s s[10] sum between sip and ship (retracted)
ʃ sc[3] scindō ship
t t tabula stone
tʰ th[2] thalamus tone
ts t[3] portiō Botswana
tʃ c[3] centum change
w u[5] uerbum west
v v[5] vest
z z[2] zēlus between zone and genre (retracted)
s[10] miserēre
Vowels[11]
IPA Latin
alphabet		 Examples English approximation
Class. Eccl.
a a anima pasta
aː ā ācer, āctus father
ɛ e est met
e ae/æ
oe/œ
e
eː ē ēlēctus Scottish[12] made
ɪ i incipit mit
i i
y 		īra, mīlle mead
iː ī
ɔ o omnis off
o o story (short)
oː ō ōrdō story (long)
ʊ u urbs put
u u lūna cool (short)
uː ū cool (long)
ʏ y[2] cyclus roughly like root (some dialects[13]; short); French tu
yː ȳ[2] cȳma roughly like root (some dialects[13]; long); German über
Vowels that precede vowels[14]
e eV mea Scottish[12] mate
i iV Italia peace
Diphthongs
ae̯ ae caelum sigh
oe̯ oe poena boy
au̯ au aurum cow
ei̯ ei mei say (most dialects[15])
eu̯ eu deus roughly like go (some dialects[16]); Spanish euro
ui̯ ui cui ruin
Nasal vowels[8]
◌̃ː um
un 		mōnstrum long nasal vowels
Prosody
IPA Examples Explanation
ˈ Gāius
[ˈɡaː.i.ʊs] 		stress (placed before the stressed syllable)[17]
. syllable marker, generally between vowels in hiatus[18]

Notes

  1. ^ Geminate (double) consonants are written with a doubled letter except for /jj/ and /ww/: anus [ˈanʊs], annus [ˈannʊs]. In IPA, they may be written as double or be followed by the length sign: /nn/ or /nː/.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Only found in Greek loanwords.
  3. ^ a b c d In Classical Latin, ⟨c g t⟩ are always pronounced hard, as [k g t]. In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨c g sc⟩ are pronounced as soft [tʃ dʒ ʃ] before the front vowels ⟨e i y ae oe⟩, and unstressed ⟨ti⟩ before a vowel is pronounced [tsi].
  4. ^ ⟨h⟩ is generally silent. Sometimes, medial ⟨h⟩ is pronounced [k] in Ecclesiastical Latin: mihi [ˈmiki].
  5. ^ a b c d In Classical Latin, ⟨i u⟩ represent the vowels /ɪ iː/ and /ʊ uː/, and the consonants /j/ and /w/. Between consonants or when marked with macrons or breves, ⟨i u⟩ are vowels. In some spelling systems, /j w/ are written with the letters ⟨j v⟩. In other cases, consult a dictionary.
    • Consonantal ⟨i⟩, between vowels, stands for doubled /jj/: cuius [ˈkʊjjʊs]. The vowel before the double /jj/ is usually short, but it is sometimes marked with a macron. When a prefix is added to a word beginning in /j/, the /j/ is usually single: trā-iectum [traːˈjɛktũː].
    • /w/ is doubled between vowels only in Greek words, such as Euander [ɛwˈwandɛr].
    In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨i⟩ represents the vowel /i/, ⟨j⟩ represents the consonant /j/, ⟨u⟩ represents the vowel /u/ or (in the combinations ⟨gu su qu⟩) the consonant /w/, and ⟨v⟩ represents the fricative /v/.
  6. ^ The diagraph ⟨qu⟩ is pronounced as labio-velar [kʷ] before the vowels /a, aː, ɔ, oː, ʊ, uː/, and as labio-palatal [kᶣ] before the vowels /ɪ, iː, ɛ, eː/.
  7. ^ /l/ has two allophones in Classical Latin. The clear [l] occurs when geminated to /ll/ and before the vowels /ɪ/ and /iː/, as well as before /ʏ/ and /yː/. Elsewhere, a dark (velarized) [ɫ] occurs: at the end of a word, before another consonant, and before all other native vowels, including /ɛ/ and /eː/.
  8. ^ a b c In Classical Latin, the combination of a vowel and ⟨m⟩ at the end of a word, or a vowel and ⟨n⟩ before ⟨s⟩ or ⟨f⟩, represents a long nasal vowel.
  9. ^ a b c In both Classical and Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨n⟩ is pronounced as [ŋ] before /k, ɡ/. The digraph ⟨gn⟩ is pronounced as [ŋn] in Classical Latin, but [ɲ] in Ecclesiastical Latin.
  10. ^ a b In Ecclesiastical Latin, ⟨s⟩ between vowels is often pronounced [z].
  11. ^ Classical Latin has long and short vowels. If vowel length is marked, long vowels are marked with macrons, ⟨ā, ē, ī, ō, ū, ȳ⟩, and short vowels with breves, ⟨ă, ĕ, ĭ, ŏ, ŭ, y̆⟩. Ecclesiastical Latin does not distinguish between long and short vowels.
  12. ^ a b Also most forms of Irish English and Northern England English (excluding Scouse and Mancunian)
  13. ^ a b These dialects include modern Received Pronunciation and most forms of English English (with some exceptions such as Yorkshire), Australian, New Zealand, White South African, Scottish, Ulster, Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and California English. Other dialects of English, such as Northern American, New York City, New England, African American Vernacular, Welsh and Republic of Ireland English, have no close equiavalent vowel.
  14. ^ In Classical Latin, short ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ have a more closed articulation, [e] and [i] when they occur before another vowel, instead of their normal Classical values of [ɛ] and [ɪ].
  15. ^ Excluding Scottish English and most forms of Irish English and Northern England English (but not Scouse or Mancunian), which pronounce the vowel of say closer to Latin [eː], listed above.
  16. ^ These dialects include Southern England (including Received Pronunciation), English Midlands, Australian, New Zealand, the Southern American, Midland American, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Western Pennsylvania and younger Californian English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of American English, Northern England English, Welsh English, Scottish English and Irish English, have no close equivalent vowel.
  17. ^ In words of two syllables, the stress is on the first syllable. In words of three or more syllables, the stress is on the penultimate syllable if heavy, and on the antepenultimate syllable otherwise. There are some exceptions, most caused by contraction or elision.
  18. ^ This does not indicate a glottal stop [ʔ]; glottal stops are not reconstructed for Latin prosody in word-internal hiatus.

See also

Allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin
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