Sultan Khalil
| Sultan Khalil | |
|---|---|
 Contemporary depiction of Sultan Khalil, in a miniature from the manuscript of Divan of Hidayat (1478).[1] | |
| Sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu | |
| Reign | 6 January 1478 – July 1478 |
| Predecessor | Uzun Hasan |
| Successor | Ya'qub Beg |
| Died | June 15, 1478 Near Khoy |
| Spouse | daughter of Suhrab b. Shaykh-Hasan.[2] |
| Father | Uzun Hasan |
| Mother | Seljuk Shah Begum |
| Religion | Sunni Islam |
Sultan Khalil Mirza (Persian: سلطان خلیل میرزا) was an Aq Qoyunlu Governor of the province of Fars, and briefly Sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu State, ruling from 6 January 1478 to July 1478.[3]
Life
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He was son of Uzun Hasan and Seljuk Shah Khatun. He was Governor of Shiraz for his father during the decade from 1468 to 1478, following the Aq Qoyunlu capture of Shiraz by Uzun Hasan in 1468-69. He was succeeded as Governor of Shiraz by Alvand Beg, from 1478 until 1497.[5]
He was appointed as the governor of the Persian province of Fars during his princely years (early 1470s-1478).
In his early years, he had a fight with his brothers and uncle for the throne. He captured his younger half-brother Maqsud Beg (son of Despina Khatun) and executed him. His other younger full brothers Yaqub Beg and Yusuf Beg were exiled.
He was enthroned as the new Sultan of the Aq Qoyunlu when his father, Uzun Hasan, died on January 6, 1478. In the same year, he defeated his uncle Murat Bey Bayandur and reached the height of his power.
His younger brother Sultan Yaqub led a military rebellion against him, and defeated him in battle near the town of Khuy, northwest of Tabriz. On the order of Sultan Yaqub, he was executed (June 15, 1478) on a Monday.[6]
His half-brother Ughurlu Muhammad was taken by Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II and married his daughter Gevherhan Hatun. Their son Ahmad Beg finally took the throne but died in battle shortly after.
Literary works
Several manuscripts are dated to the time Sultan Khalil was Governor of Shiraz in 1468-1478, following the Aq Qoyunlu capture of Shiraz by his father Uzun Hasan in 1468, such as a Divan (Collected Works) of Ali-Shir Nava'i (1471).[7] A Tabriz manuscript dedicated to him in 1478 is also known.[8] Sultan Khalil is also known to have worked on a copy of the Khamsa of Nizami while in Tabriz.[9][10]
Khalil also appears in person in an illustrated manuscript of the Diwān of Hidayat (1478), written in Azarbayjani Turkish.[1][11] The manuscript contains several depictions of Khalil during various activities, such as holding court in a garden, giving audience from his palace balcony, on a hawking expedition, and relaxing in a vinery. It displays typical Turkman figures with small rounded faces.[1]
Family
It is known that he has two sons from an unknown woman.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c d Robinson, Basil William (1993). Studies in Persian Art, Volume 1. Pindar Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-907132-43-1.
Uzun Hasan had two sons, the elder of whom, Khalil, succeeded him. Khalil seems to have had a lively interest in fine books all his life, and one or two cases exist of volumes commissioned by him for his father. However, the only one surviving from his short reign is an exquisite little volume in the Chester Beatty Library (MS 401) containing a rare text in Azarbayjani Turkish of the Diwān of Hidayat. This contains four miniatures each depicting Khalil in some characteristic situation holding court in a garden, giving audience from his palace balcony, on a hawking expedition, and relaxing in a vinery. They are of superb execution, with typical Turkman figures, small, round-faced, and rather child-like, with turbans set high on their heads. But Khalil had been on the throne less than six months when he was attacked, defeated, and slain by the troops of his younger brother Yaqub Beg.
- ^ Woods 1999, p. 91.
- ^ "DURSUN BEY - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr. Retrieved 2020-07-25.
- ^ Woods 1999, p. 126.
- ^ Woods 1999, p. 127.
- ^ Woods 1999, pp. 127–128.
- ^ Erkinov, Aftandil (10 March 2015). "From Herat to Shiraz: the Unique Manuscript (876/1471) of 'Alī Shīr Nawā'ī's Poetry from Aq Qoyunlu Circle". Cahiers d’Asie centrale (24): 2. ISSN 1270-9247.
Copied on 12 Radjab 876/24 December 1471 in Shiraz – one of the central city of the Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, was one of the unique manuscripts (Nawāʼī, 14714) during this period, the ruler in Shiraz was Khalīl
- ^ "Khalili Collections Islamic Art Frontispiece with a Dedication to Sultan Khalil". Khalili Collections.
- ^ Balafrej, Lamia (1 April 2019). Making of the Artist in Late Timurid Painting. Edinburgh University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-1-4744-3746-2.
- ^ Roxburgh, David J. (27 January 2016). Envisioning Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Honor of Renata Holod. BRILL. pp. 175–176. ISBN 978-90-04-28028-1.
- ^ "Divan of Hidayat - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum". islamicart.museumwnf.org.
Sources
- Langaroodi, Reza Rezazadeh; Negahban, Farzin (2008). "Āq-qūyūnlū". In Madelung, Wilferd; Daftary, Farhad (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. ISSN 1875-9831.
- Minorsky, V. & Bosworth, C.E. (1965). "Uzun Ḥasan". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume II: C–G. Leiden: E. J. Brill. OCLC 495469475.
- Quiring-Zoche, R. (1986). "Āq Qoyunlū". Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. II, Fasc. 2. New York. pp. 163–168.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Roemer, H. R. (1986). "The Turkmen dynasties". In Lockhart, Laurence; Jackson, Peter (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-20094-6.
- Savory, R. M. (2009). "The Struggle for Supremacy in Persia after the death of Tīmūr". Der Islam. 40. De Gruyter: 35–65. doi:10.1515/islm.1964.40.1.35. S2CID 162340735.
- Woods, John E. (1999). The Aqquyunlu: Clan, Confederation, Empire. New York.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)