This file is in the public domain because it is a mere mechanical scan or photocopy of a public domain original, or – from the available evidence – is so similar to such a scan or photocopy that no copyright protection can be expected to arise. The original itself is in the public domain for the following reason:

Public domainPublic domainfalsefalse

This work is in the public domain because it was published in the United States between 1931 and 1977, inclusive, with a defective copyright notice (copyright notice information) containing at least one of the following defects: Notice does not include the copyright symbol ©, the word "Copyright", or the abbreviation "Copr."; Notice is dated more than one year later than the actual date of first publication; Notice does not include a named claimant or does not name the actual copyright holder; Notice is illegible or concealed from view; It is a printed literary, musical, or dramatic work that does not include the year. A defective notice does not invalidate copyright in cases where the error is immaterial and would not mislead an infringer, such as an abbreviated name. Additionally, foreign works created outside the US are subject to copyright restoration even with a defective notice. It is not in the public domain in the countries or areas that do not apply the rule of the shorter term for US works, such as Canada, mainland China (not Hong Kong or Macao), Germany, Mexico, Switzerland, and other countries with individual treaties. Deutsch ∙ English ∙ español ∙ فارسی ∙ 한국어 ∙

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This tag is designed for use where there may be a need to assert that any enhancements (eg brightness, contrast, colour-matching, sharpening) are in themselves insufficiently creative to generate a new copyright. It can be used where it is unknown whether any enhancements have been made, as well as when the enhancements are clear but insufficient. For known raw unenhanced scans you can use an appropriate {{PD-old}} tag instead. For usage, see Commons:When to use the PD-scan tag.

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Note: This tag applies to scans and photocopies only. For photographs of public domain originals taken from afar, {{PD-Art}} may be applicable. See Commons:When to use the PD-Art tag.