History of the Jews in New York City

Jews in New York
יהודים בניו יורק
Jewish shopkeeper in New York City, c. 1929
Total population
960,000
Languages
New York City English, American English, Hebrew, Yiddish, Russian
Religion
Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Judaism, Conservative Judaism, Reform Judaism, irreligious

Approximately 12% of New York City's population is Jewish, making New York City's Jewish community the largest in the world outside of Israel.[citation needed] As of 2020, over 960,000 Jews lived in the five boroughs of New York City,[1] and over 1.9 million Jews lived in the New York metropolitan area, approximately 25% of the American Jewish population.[2]

Nearly half of the city’s Jews live in Brooklyn.[3][4] The first recorded Jewish settler was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[5] Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed, "the Jews," the 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of Jewish immigration to the United States, when the Jewish population rose from about 80,000 in 1880 to 1.5 million in 1920.[6] In 2012, the largest Jewish denominations in New York City were Orthodox, Haredi, and Conservative Judaism.[7] Reform Jewish communities are prevalent through the area. Temple Emanu-El in Manhattan is the largest Reform Jewish synagogue in the world.[citation needed] The large Jewish population has led to a significant impact on the culture of New York City.[8] After many decades of decline in the 20th century, the Jewish population of New York City has seen an increase in the 21st century, owing to the high birth rate of the Hasidic and other Orthodox communities.[9]

Historical population

Ultra-Orthodox Jewish residents in Brooklyn, nicknamed "the most Jewish spot on Earth."[4] Home to the largest Jewish community in the United States, with more than 561,000 living in the borough, larger than that of Tel Aviv.[3]
Year Jewish Population Total City Population Percentage of City
1654 23 1,000 2.3
1750 300 13,000 2.3
1850 16,000 515,000 3.1
1859 40,000 813,000 4.9
1880 80,000 1,206,000 6.6
1920 1,600,000 5,620,000 28.5
1950 2,000,000 7,900,000 25.3
1981 1,100,000[10] 7,000,000 15.8
1991 1,027,000[10] 7,340,000 14
2002 972,000[10][11] 8,000,000 12
2012 1,100,000[9] 8,340,000 13.2
2023 960,000[12] 8,260,000 11.6

Population comparisons

By area, there are just over 1.3 million Jews[citation needed] in the New York metropolitan area, making it the second largest metropolitan Jewish community in the world, after the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area in Israel. By city size, Tel Aviv proper has a smaller population of Jews than New York City proper, making New York City the largest community of Jews in the world within a city proper.[citation needed] Within their respective countries, New York City's Jewish population is larger than the combined Jewish populations of Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C.,[13] and, within Israel, more than Jerusalem and Tel Aviv combined.[citation needed]

Immigration overview

Ashkenazi Jews

During the mid-19th century Russian, Lithuanian, and Polish Jews immigrated in large numbers,[citation needed] and the number of Jews in New York City soared throughout the beginning of the 20th century, reaching a peak of 2 million in the 1950s, when Jews constituted one-quarter of the city's population.[citation needed] New York City's Jewish population then began to decline because of low fertility rates and migration to both the suburbs and other states, particularly California and Florida. Though there were small Jewish communities throughout the United States by the 1920s, about 45% of the entire population of American Jews continued to live in New York City.[14]

A new wave of Ashkenazi and Bukharian Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union began arriving in the 1980s and 1990s.[citation needed] In 2002, an estimated 972,000 Ashkenazi Jews lived in New York City, and constituted about 12% of the city's population.[citation needed] Many Jews, including the newer immigrants, have settled in Queens, south Brooklyn, and the Bronx, where at present most live in middle-class neighborhoods.[citation needed] The number of Jews is especially high in Brooklyn, where 561,000 residents—one out of four inhabitants—is Jewish.[15][16]

Orthodox Jews

New York City is home to many Orthodox Jews.[citation needed] The world headquarters of the Chabad, Bobov, and Satmar branches of Hasidism are located there, as well as other Haredi branches of Judaism.[citation needed] While three-quarters of New York Jews do not consider themselves religiously observant, the Orthodox community is rapidly growing due to the high birth rates of Hasidic Jews, while the number of Conservative and Reform Jews has been declining. Borough Park, known for its large Orthodox Jewish population, had 27.9 births per 1,000 residents in 2015, making it the neighborhood with the city's highest birth rate.[17] However, the most rapidly growing community of American Orthodox Jews is located in Rockland County and the Hudson Valley of New York, including the communities of Monsey, Monroe, New Square, Kiryas Joel, and Ramapo.[18] According to a 2011 UJA-Federation of New York community study, there were 340,000 Haredi Jews in the greater New York metropolitan area.[19] Many rapidly growing Orthodox Jewish communities there have made their home in New Jersey, particularly in Lakewood and surrounding Ocean County, where Beth Medrash Govoha, the world's largest yeshiva outside Israel, is located.[20] Prominent Orthodox organizations such as Agudath Israel of America and the Orthodox Union have their headquarters in New York.

Sephardic Jews

Sephardic Jews, including Syrian Jews, have also lived in New York City since the late 19th century. Many Sephardi immigrants have settled in New York City and formed a Sephardi community. The community is centered in Brooklyn and is primarily composed of Syrian Jews. Other Sephardi Jews in New York City hail from Egypt, Israel, Lebanon, and Morocco.[21] Sephardi Jews first began arriving in New York City in large numbers between 1880 and 1924. Most Arab immigrants during these years were Christian, while Sephardi Jews were a minority and Arab Muslims largely began migrating during the mid-1960s.[22] When Syrian Jews first began to arrive in New York City during the late 1800s and early 1900s, Eastern European Ashkenazi Jews on the Lower East Side sometimes disdained their Syrian co-coreligionists as Arabische Yidden, Arab Jews.[citation needed] Some Ashkenazim doubted whether Sephardi/Mizrahi Jews from the Middle East were Jewish at all. In response, some Syrian Jews who were deeply proud of their ancient Jewish heritage, derogatorily dubbed Ashkenazi Jews as "J-Dubs", a reference to the first and third letters of the English word "Jew".[23]

In the 1990 United States Census, there were 11,610 Sephardi Jews in New York City, composing 23 percent of the total "Arab population" of the city.[24] Arab Jews in the city sometimes still face anti-Arab racism. After the September 11 attacks, some Arab Jews in New York City were subjected to arrest and detention because they were suspected to be Islamist terrorists.[25] Egyptian Jews arrived in New York City more recently than the Syrian Jews, with many of the Egyptian Jews speaking Ladino as well as Arabic and French.[citation needed] The vast majority Egyptian-Jewish immigrants to the city are Sephardi/Mizrahi, with very few being Ashkenazi. Ladino-speaking Egyptian Jews have tended to settle in the Forest Hills neighborhood of Queens.[citation needed] Very few Egyptian Jews lived in New York City or elsewhere in the United States prior to the 1956 Suez Crisis.[citation needed] Prior to the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, the quota for Egyptian immigrants was set at 100 people per year. Because of antisemitism directed against Egyptian Jews in Egypt, a small number of Egyptian-American Jews in New York City banded together as the "American Jewish Organization for the Middle East, Inc." to advocate for Jewish Egyptian refugees. There are two major communities of Egyptian Jews, one in Queens and another in Brooklyn. Egyptian Jews in Queens helped found Shearith Israel Congregation, while Egyptian Jews in Brooklyn's Bensonhurst neighborhood largely attended Syrian-Jewish synagogues.[26]

Multiracial Jews

While the majority of Jews in New York City are non-Hispanic whites, some Jewish New Yorkers identify as Asian, Black, Latino, or multiracial. According to the same 2011 UJA-Federation of New York study, 12% of Jewish households in the city were non-white or biracial.[27] Many Central Asian Jews, predominantly Bukharian Jews from Uzbekistan, have settled in the Queens neighborhoods of Rego Park, Forest Hills, Kew Gardens, and Briarwood.[14] As of 2001, an estimated 50,000 Bukharian Jews resided in Queens.[28] Queens is also home to a large Georgian-American community of about 5,000, around 3,000 of whom are Georgian Jews. Queens has the third largest population of Georgian Jews in the world after Israel and Georgia. Forest Hills is home to the Congregation of Georgian Jews, the only Georgian-Jewish synagogue in the US.[29] There has also been a sizeable community of Mountain Jews from Azerbaijan and the South Caucasus in Brooklyn.[14]

History

Main articles: History of the Jews in New York and Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam

1654–1881

Asser Levy Recreation Center on East 23rd Street and Asser Levy Place, Manhattan, New York City, was built as a free public bath in 1904–1906. The baths were intended to help relieve the unsanitary conditions in the slums. It is named after Asser Levy, a prominent Jewish citizen of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, which preceded the English city of New York.

The first recorded Jewish settler in New York was Jacob Barsimson, who arrived in August 1654 on a passport from the Dutch West India Company.[30] A month later, a group of Jews came to New York, then the colony New Amsterdam, as refugees from Recife, Brazil. Portugal had just re-conquered Dutch Brazil (what is now known of the Brazilian State of Pernambuco) from the Netherlands, and the Sephardi Jews there promptly fled. Most went to Amsterdam, but 23 headed for New Amsterdam instead.[citation needed] Governor Peter Stuyvesant was at first unwilling to accept them but succumbed to pressure from the Dutch West India Company—itself pressed by Jewish stockholders—to let them remain.[citation needed] Nevertheless, he imposed numerous restrictions and taxes on his Jewish subjects.[citation needed] Eventually, many of these Jews left.[31]

When the English took the colony from the Dutch in 1664, the only Jewish name on the requisite oath of loyalty given to residents was Asser Levy.[citation needed] This is the only record of a Jewish presence at the time, until 1680 when some of Levy's relatives arrived from Amsterdam shortly before he died.[31]

The first synagogue, the Sephardi Congregation Shearith Israel, was established in 1682, but it did not get its own building until 1730.[citation needed] Over time, the synagogue became dominant in Jewish life, organizing social services and mandating affiliation for all New York Jews.[31] Even though by 1720 the Ashkenazim outnumbered Sephardim,[32] the Sephardi customs were retained.[31] In 1776, a majority of New York City's Jews were so patriotic that they voluntarily moved to Pennsylvania and Connecticut so as not collaborate with the British occupation of the city during the American Revolutionary War.[33]

An influx of German and Polish Jews followed the Napoleonic Wars in Europe.[citation needed] The increasing number of Ashkenazim led to the founding of the city's second synagogue, B'nai Jeshurun, in 1825.[citation needed] The late arrival of synagogues can be attributed to a lack of rabbis. Those who were interested in training as a Rabbi could not do so in America before this part of the century.[14] Several other synagogues followed B'nai Jeshurun in rapid succession, including the first Polish one, Congregation Shaare Zedek, in 1839. In 1845, the first Reform temple, Congregation Emanu-El of New York opened.[34] New York City would later become host to several seminaries of various denominations, where rabbis could be ordained, by the 1920s.[14]

By this time numerous communal aid societies were formed. These were usually quite small, and a single synagogue might be associated with more than a few such organizations. Two of the most important of these merged in 1859 to form the Hebrew Benevolent and Orphan Asylum Society[34] (Jewish orphanages were constructed on 77th Street near 3rd Avenue and another in Brooklyn). In 1852 the "Jews' Hospital" (renamed in 1871 Mount Sinai Hospital), which would one day be considered one of the best in the country,[35] was established.[34]

Jewish days schools began to appear in the 19th century across the United States, the first being the Polonies Talmud Torah in 1821.[36]

1881–1945

European Jewish immigrants arriving in New York in 1887

The 36 years beginning in 1881 experienced the largest wave of immigration to the United States ever. Following the assassination of Alexander II of Russia, for which many blamed "the Jews,"[6] there was a vast increase in anti-Jewish pogroms there — possibly with the support of the government — and numerous anti-Jewish laws were passed. The result was that over 2 million Jews immigrated to the US,[37]: 364–5  more than a million of them to New York.[38]: 1076 

Eastern Ashkenazi Jews and their culture flourished at this time. There was influx emigration primarily from Russia and Austria-Hungary. Their congregations and businesses — namely shops selling Old World goods — firmly maintained their identity, language, and customs.[39]

Forverts manager Baruch Charney Vladeck gives a speech at the cornerstone celebration of the Jewish-owned Rolland Theater, June 24, 1928

New York was the publishing city of the Yiddish newspaper, Forverts, first published in 1897. Several other Jewish newspapers followed and were being produced in common Jewish languages, such as Ladino, Yiddish, and Hebrew.[40]

These immigrants tended to be young and relatively irreligious, and were generally skilled – especially in the clothing industry,[41]: 253–4  which would soon dominate New York's economy.[42] By the end of the nineteenth century, Jews "dominated related fields such as the fur trade."[41]: 254 

The German Jews, who were often wealthy by this time, did not much appreciate the eastern Ashkenazi arrivals, and moved to uptown Manhattan en masse, away from the Lower East Side where most of the immigrants settled.[37]: 370–2  Still, many of these Eastern European immigrants worked in factories owned by 'uptown' German Jews.[32]

Periods of discord

1945–1999

New York City teachers' strike of 1968

This section is an excerpt from 1968 New York City teachers' strike.[]
Albert Shanker

The 1968 New York City teachers' strike was a months-long confrontation between the new community-controlled school board in the largely black Ocean Hill–Brownsville neighborhoods of Brooklyn and New York City's United Federation of Teachers. It began with a one day walkout in the Ocean Hill-Brownsville school district. It escalated to a citywide strike in September of that year, shutting down the public schools for a total of 36 days and increasing racial tensions between Black and Jewish Americans.

Thousands of New York City teachers went on strike in 1968 when the school board of the neighborhood, which is now two separate neighborhoods, fired nineteen teachers and administrators without notice. The newly created school district, in a heavily black neighborhood, was an experiment in community control over schools—those dismissed were almost all Jewish.

The United Federation of Teachers (UFT), led by Albert Shanker, demanded the teachers' reinstatement and accused the community-controlled school board of anti-semitism. At the start of the school year in September 1968, the UFT held a strike that shut down New York City's public schools for nearly two months, leaving a million students without schools to attend.

The strike pitted community against union, highlighting a conflict between local rights to self-determination and teachers' universal rights as workers.[43] Although the school district itself was quite small, the outcome of its experiment had great significance because of its potential to alter the entire educational system—in New York City and elsewhere. As one historian wrote in 1972: "If these seemingly simple acts had not been such a serious threat to the system, it would be unlikely that they would produce such a strong and immediate response."[44]

Crown Heights riot of 1991

This section is an excerpt from Crown Heights riot.[]
Location of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in New York City.

The Crown Heights riot was a race riot that took place from August 19 to August 21, 1991, in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, New York City. Black residents attacked Orthodox Jewish residents, damaged their homes, and looted businesses. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after two 7 year-old children of Guyanese immigrants were unintentionally struck by a driver running a red light[45][46] while following the motorcade of Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the leader of Chabad, a Jewish religious movement. One child died and the second was severely injured.

In the immediate aftermath of the fatal crash, black youths attacked several Jews on the street, seriously injuring several and killing an Orthodox Jewish student from Australia. Over the next three days, black rioters looted stores and attacked Jewish homes. Two weeks after the riot, a non-Jewish man was killed by a group of black men; some believed that the victim had been mistaken for a Jew. The riots were a major issue in the 1993 mayoral race, contributing to the defeat of Mayor David Dinkins, an African American. Opponents of Dinkins said that he failed to contain the riots, with many calling them a 'pogrom' to emphasize what was seen as the complicity of New York City political leaders.

Ultimately, black and Jewish leaders developed an outreach program between their communities to help calm and possibly improve racial relations in Crown Heights over the next decade.[47]

Amid earlier waves of urban unrest and antisemitic incidents in Brooklyn, including a string of firebombings targeting Jewish institutions in 1968, Crown Heights became a focal point of debate over Jewish flight from inner-city neighborhoods. Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement based in Crown Heights, publicly urged Jews to remain and invest in the community, warning that mass departure would erode communal strength citywide. His call to “stand firm and not run away” framed Crown Heights as a test case for urban Jewish continuity across the globe.[48]

See also

References

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  4. ^ a b Danailova, Hilary (January 11, 2018). "Brooklyn, the Most Jewish Spot on Earth". Hadassah Magazine. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
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  6. ^ a b Jewish Chronicle, May 6, 1881, cited in Benjamin Blech, Eyewitness to Jewish History
  7. ^ "A 'staggering' 61% of Jewish kids in New York City area are Orthodox, new study finds". The Times of Israel. The Times of Israel. June 13, 2012. ISSN 0040-7909. Retrieved July 29, 2020.
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  10. ^ a b c Berger, Joseph (June 16, 2003). "City Milestone: Number of Jews Is Below Million". The New York Times. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
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  17. ^ "Haredi Orthodox neighborhood has NYC's highest birth rate". jta.org. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. April 27, 2015.
  18. ^ Bandler, Jonathan; Lieberman, Steve; Liebson, Richard (January 8, 2017). "Ramapo nears breaking point". northjersey.com. Retrieved January 9, 2016.
  19. ^ Nathan-Kazis, Josh (February 21, 2019). "Public Advocate Candidate Eric Ulrich Is Courting The Orthodox. Is It Enough To Win?". The Forward. Retrieved November 27, 2023.
  20. ^ Strunsky, Steve (April 16, 2019). "Lakewood yeshiva looks to use old golf course for new campus". NJ.com. New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved April 16, 2019.
  21. ^ "The Syrian Jewish Community, Then and Now". jewishideas.org. Institute for Jewish Ideas and Ideals. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  22. ^ "Exhibit Spotlights Being Arab-American in New York City – 2002-03-28". Voice of America. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  23. ^ Chafets, Zev (October 14, 2007). "The Sy Empire". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  24. ^ Biondo, Vincent F. III (October 1, 2005). "Book Review: A Community of Many Worlds: Arab Americans in New York City by Kathleen Benson and Philip M. Kayal". American Journal of Islam and Society. 22 (4): 108–110. doi:10.35632/ajis.v22i4.1669.
  25. ^ "Key Terms and Concepts for Understanding U.S. Islamophobia". jaamr.com. Jews Against Anti-Muslim Racism. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
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  28. ^ Brawarsky, Sandee (November 16, 2001). "Central Asian Jews Create 'Queensistan'". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2018.
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  40. ^ Diner, Hasia (2004). The Jews of the United States: 1654 to 2000. Berkeley: University of California. p. 113. ISBN 0-520-22773-5.
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  43. ^ Green, Philip (Summer 1970). "Decentralization, Community Control, and Revolution: Reflections on Ocean Hill-Brownsville". The Massachusetts Review. 11 (3). The Massachusetts Review, Inc.: 415–441. JSTOR 25088003.
  44. ^ Gittell, Marilyn (October 1972). "Decentralization and Citizen Participation in Education". Public Administration Review. 32 (Curriculum Essays on Citizens, Politics, and Administration in Urban Neighborhoods): 670–686. doi:10.2307/975232. JSTOR 975232. How fundamental was this effort at institutional change? At a minimum it attacked the structure on the delivery of services and the allocation of resources. At a maximum it potentially challenged the institutionalization of racism in America. It seriously challenged the "merit" civil service system which had become the main- stay of the American bureaucratic structure. It raised the issue of accountability of public service professionals and pointed to the distribution of power in the system and the inequities of the policy output of that structure. In a short three years, the Ocean Hill-Brownsville districts and IS 201, through such seemingly simple acts as hiring their own principals, allocating larger sums of money for the use of paraprofessionals, transfer- ring or dismissing teachers, and adopting a variety of new educational programs, had brought all of these issues into the forefront of the political arena.
  45. ^ "Two years after the riots in Crown Heights, blacks and Hasidic Jews are still demanding justice and nurturing peace.: Rage and Atonement". Los Angeles Times. August 29, 1993. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
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  47. ^ "Crown Heights erupts in three days of race riots after Jewish driver hits and kills Gavin Cato, 7, in 1991". Daily News. New York. August 13, 2016. Retrieved May 30, 2022.
  48. ^ Margolin, Dovid (July 3, 2025). "Escape From Mamdani's New York? That Isn't the Jewish Way". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 7, 2025.

Further reading

  • Deborah Dash Moore, City of Promises: A History of the Jews of New York. In Three Volumes. New York: New York University Press, 2012.
  • Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1962.
  • Hyman B. Grinstein, The Rise of The Jewish Community of New York 1654-1860. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1945.
allikas: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jews