This is a list of Brazilian scientists, those born in Brazil or who have established citizenship or residency there.

• Manuel de Abreu (1894–1962), physician, inventor of abreugraphy (mass radiography of the lungs for screening tuberculosis)
• Aziz Ab'Saber (1924–2012), geographer; geologist; ecologist recognized for the Theory of Refuges and Amazon studies; former president of the SBPC
• Fernando Flávio Marques de Almeida (1916–2013), geologist
• Carlos Paz de Araújo, scientist and inventor, holds nearly 600 patents in the area of nanotechnology
• José Márcio Ayres (1954–2003), biologist, zoologist, primatologist
• Marcia Barbosa (born 1960), physicist
• Abrahão de Moraes (1916–1970), astronomer and mathematician
• Eddy Bensoussan (born 1938), physician
• Wilson Teixeira Beraldo (1917–1998), co-discoverer of bradykinin
• Thaisa Storchi Bergmann (born 1955), astrophysicist at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul^[1]
• Carlos Augusto Bertulani (born 1955), physicist
• Vital Brazil (1865–1950), physician and scientist, discoverer of the antivenom for snakes and other venomous animals
• Ennio Candotti (1942–2023), physicist and scientific leader
• Fernando Henrique Cardoso (born 1931), sociologist and former President
• José Cândido de Melo Carvalho (1914–1994), biologist, zoologist, entomologist
• Guilherme "Bill" Cardoso, Brazilian-American entrepreneur, engineer, and scientist.
• Carlos Chagas (1879–1934), biologist, zoologist, public health worker
• Evandro Chagas (1905–1940), physician and biomedical scientist specialized in tropical medicine; son of Carlos Chagas
• Gauss Moutinho Cordeiro (born 1952), mathematician and statistician
• Vera Cordeiro (born 1950), social entrepreneur and physician
• Newton da Costa (1929–2024), mathematician and logician, recognised for his works in paraconsistent logic
• Oswaldo Cruz (1872–1917), physician and public health champion, eliminated yellow fever, bubonic plague and smallpox in Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the 20th century
• Johanna Döbereiner (1924–2000), biologist, discoverer of the nitrogen fixing role of soil bacteria
• Adolpho Ducke (1876–1959), Croatian-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; entomologist; botanist
• Florestan Fernandes (1920–1995), father of Brazilian sociology
• Sérgio Henrique Ferreira (1934–2016), physician and pharmacologist, discovered the active principle of a drug for hypertension
• Carlos Chagas Filho (1910–2000), physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences, former president of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences; son of Carlos Chagas
• Hércules Florence (1804–1879), pioneer of photography
• Santiago Americano Freire (1908–1997), physician and professor of pharmacology, psychiatrist, writer, painter
• Gilberto Freyre (1900–1987), historiographer and sociologist
• Celso Furtado (1920–2004), noted economist and ideologue of economy of developing nations
• Marcelo Gleiser (born 1959), physicist, writer and professor of physics and astronomy at the Dartmouth College since 1991
• José Goldemberg (born 1928), physicist, former Minister of Science & Technology and Dean of the University of São Paulo
• Émil Göldi (1859–1917), Swiss-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; naturalist
• Bartolomeu de Gusmão (1685–1724), Brazilian Catholic priest, pioneer of aviation, the inventor of the balloon, became known as the "flying priest"
• Jacques Hüber (1867–1914), Swiss-Brazilian biologist; botanist
• Ivan Izquierdo (1937–2021), physician and neuroscientist; discovered neural mechanisms of memory
• Jean Paul Jacob (1937–2019), electronic engineer, researcher and professor, research manager at the Almaden IBM Research Center, California
• Adib Jatene (1929–2014), heart surgeon
• Alexander Kellner (born 1961), Liechtensteinian/Brazilian paleontologist
• Warwick Estevam Kerr (1922–2018), geneticist, researcher on the biology and genetics of bees
• Eduardo Krieger (born 1928), physician and physiologist, former president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
• César Lattes (1924–2005), experimental physicist, co-discoverer of the pion, a type of subatomic particle, first president of the Brazilian National Research Council
• Napoleão Laureano (1914–1951), cancer researcher
• Aristides Leão (1914–1993), physician and physiologist, discovered Leão's depression, a phenomenon of nervous tissue
• Ângelo Moreira da Costa Lima (1887–1964), doctor, entomologist
• Henrique da Rocha Lima (1879–1956), physician, pathologist and infectologist, discovered Rickettsia prowazekii, the pathogen of epidemic typhus
• José Leite Lopes (1918–2006), theoretical physicist
• Adolfo Lutz (1855–1940), physician and pioneer of public health
• José Lutzenberger (1926–2002), ecologist and zoologist
• Roberto Landell de Moura (1861–1928), pioneer of telephony
• Fritz Müller (1821–1897), German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; botanist; naturalist; entomologist
• Miguel Nicolelis (born 1961), neuroscientist, one of Scientific American's best scientists of 2004
• Jacob Palis (1940–2025), mathematician of international fame, president of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences
• Maurício Peixoto (1921–2019), engineer, mathematician, pioneered the studies on structural stability, author of Peixoto's theorem
• Domingos Soares Ferreira Penna (1818–1888), biologist, zoologist, naturalist
• José Aristodemo Pinotti (1934–2009), physician and gynecologist, former president of the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics
• Marcos Pontes (born 1963), first Brazilian astronaut, Missão Centenário
• Patricia Pranke (born 1967), stem cell researcher, professor
• Ana Maria Primavesi (1920–2020), soil scientist and promoter of the ecological management of tropical soils
• André Rebouças (1838–1898), pioneer engineer, brother of Antônio Rebouças Filho
• José Reis (1907–2002), biologist, greatest Brazilian science writer
• Gilberto Righi (1937–1999), biologist, zoologist, specialist on earthworms
• Carlos Rittl (living), scientist and environmentalist
• Milton Santos (1926–2001), geographer, won the Vautrin Lud International Geography Prize, the highest award that can be gained in the field of geography
• Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873–1932), aviator and inventor
• Ademar Agostinho Sauthier (1940), theologist
• Mário Schenberg (1914–1990), theoretical physicist
• Helmut Sick (1910–1991), German-Brazilian biologist; zoologist; ornithologist
• Lotar Siewerdt (born 1939), agronomist; forage production
• Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva (1873–1961), responsible for the identification and complete description of the pathogenic agent and the pathophysiological cycle of schistosomiasis disease
• Maurício Rocha e Silva (1910–1983), physician and pharmacologist, discovered bradykinin, an active cardiovascular peptide
• Emílio Joaquim da Silva Maia (1808–1859), physician and naturalist
• Nise da Silveira (1905–1999), psychiatrist and mental health reformer
• Jorge Stolfi (born 1950), computer scientist, professor at UNICAMP
• Jayme Tiomno (1920–2011), experimental and theoretical nuclear physicist
• Paulo Emílio Vanzolini (1924–2013), biologist, zoologist, herpetologist
• Glaci Zancan (1935–2007), biochemist^[2]
• Mayana Zatz (born 1947), biologist and geneticist
• Euryclides Zerbini (1912–1993), heart surgeon, pioneer of first heart transplant in Brazil

• Alexander Grothendieck (1928–2014), French mathematician
• David Bohm (1917–1992), American physicist
• Gregory Chaitin (born 1947), Argentine-American mathematician
• Louis Couty (1854–1884), French physiologist and pharmacologist
• Miguel Rolando Covian (1913–1992), Argentinian physiologist
• Orville Adalbert Derby (1851–1915), American geologist
• Heinz Ebert (1907–1983), German geologist
• Luigi Fantappiè (1901–1956), Italian mathematician
• Richard Feynman (1918–1988), American physicist
• Carlos Hamilton Vasconcelos Araújo (born 1964), economist and engineer
• Charles Frederick Hartt (1840–1878), Canadian-American geologist and paleontologist
• Hermann von Ihering (1850–1930), German naturalist
• Fritz Köberle (1910–1983), Austrian physician and pathologist
• Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff (1774–1852), German/Russian naturalist
• Claude Lévi-Strauss (1908–2009), French anthropologist
• Emmanuel Liais (1826–1900), French astronomer and naturalist
• Lucien Lison (1908–1984), Belgian anatomist
• Fritz Müller (1821–1897), German naturalist
• Giuseppe Occhialini (1907–1993), Italian physicist
• Ludwig Riedel (1790–1861), German botanist
• Oscar Sala (1922–2010), Italian nuclear physicist
• Carl August Wilhelm Schwacke (1848–1904), German botanist
• Friedrich Sellow (1789–1831), German botanist
• Helmut Sick (1910–1991), German zoologist
• Peter Szatmari (born 1950), Hungarian geologist
• Gleb Wataghin (1899–1986), Russian/Italian physicist
• Stefan Zweig (1881–1942), Austrian novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer

• Brazilian expatriate academics
• List of Brazilian mathematicians
• National Order of Scientific Merit
• List of Brazilian intellectuals and thinkers

• Notable Brazilian Scientists (in Portuguese)