IARC group 1

IARC group 1 Carcinogens are substances, chemical mixtures, and exposure circumstances which have been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).[1] This category is used when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans. Exceptionally, an agent (chemical mixture) may be placed in this category when evidence of carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient, but when there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and strong evidence in exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

This list focuses on the hazard linked to the agents. This means that while carcinogens are capable of causing cancer, it does not take their risk into account, which is the probability of causing a cancer, given the level of exposure to this carcinogen.[2] The list is up to date as of January 2026, including all agents classified by Volumes 1–140 of the IARC Monographs.[3]

Agents

Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–140
CAS No. Agent Volume Volume publication year Evaluation year Additional information
Clonorchis sinensis (infection with) 61, 100B 2012 2009
Helicobacter pylori (infection with) 61, 100B 2012 2009
Opisthorchis viverrini (infection with) 61, 100B 2012 2009
Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) 61, 100B 2012 2009
Acheson process, occupational exposure associated with 111 2017 2014
Acid mists, strong inorganic 54, 100F 2012 2009
Alcoholic beverages 44, 96, 100E 2012 2009
Aluminium production 34, Sup 7, 92, 100F 2012 2009
Areca nut 85, 100E 2012 2009
Auramine production Sup 7, 99, 100F 2012 2009
Automotive gasoline 45, 138 In prep. 2025
Benzidine, dyes metabolized to 99, 100F 2012 2009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
Betel quid with tobacco Sup 7, 85, 100E 2012 2009
Betel quid without tobacco Sup 7, 85, 100E 2012 2009
Coal gasification Sup 7, 92, 100F 2012 2009
Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion of 95, 100E 2012 2009
Coke production Sup 7, 92, 100F 2012 2009
Engine exhaust, diesel 46, 105 2014 2012
Epstein-Barr virus 70, 100B 2012 2009
Estrogen therapy, postmenopausal 72, 100A 2012 2008
  • There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for estrogen-only menopausal therapy in humans and cancer of the colorectum. An inverse association has been observed between estrogen-only menopausal therapy and cancer of the colorectum.
Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy (combined) 72, 91, 100A 2012 2008
Estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives (combined) 72, 91, 100A 2012 2008
  • There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives in humans and cancers of the endometrium, ovary, and colorectum. An inverse association has been observed between combined estrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives and cancers of the endometrium, ovary, and colorectum.
Firefighter (occupational exposure as a) 98, 132 2023 online 2022
Fission products, including strontium-90 100D 2012 2009
Fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole 111 2017 2014
Haematite mining (underground) 1, Sup 7, 100D 2012 2009
Hepatitis B virus (chronic infection with) 59, 100B 2012 2009
Hepatitis C virus (chronic infection with) 59, 100B 2012 2009
Hepatitis D virus (HDV) 59, 139 In prep. 2025
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I 67, 100B 2012 2009
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (infection with) 67, 100B 2012 2009
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 64, 90, 100B 2012 2009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 18 64, 90, 100B 2012 2009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 33 64, 90, 100B 2012 2009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 31, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 64, 90, 100B 2012 2009
  • The HPV types that have been classified as carcinogenic to humans can differ by an order of magnitude in risk for cervical cancer
Ionizing radiation (all types) 100D 2012 2009
Iron and steel founding (occupational exposure during) 34, Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus 70, 100B 2012 2009
Leather dust 100C 2012 2009
MOPP and other combined chemotherapy including alkylating agents Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
Magenta production Sup 7, 57, 99, 100F 2012 2009
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) 104, 139 In prep. 2025
Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated 33, Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
Neutron radiation 75, 100D 2012 2009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with supporting evidence from other relevant data
Nickel compounds Sup 7, 49, 100C 2012 2009
Opium consumption 126 2021 online 2020
Outdoor air pollution 109 2016 2013
Outdoor air pollution, particulate matter in 109 2016 2013
Painter (occupational exposure as a) 47, 98, 100F 2012 2009
Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a Toxicity Equivalency Factor (TEF) according to WHO (PCBs 77, 81, 105, 114, 118, 123, 126, 156, 157, 167, 169, 189) 107 2016 2013
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with strong supporting evidence from other relevant data
Processed meat (consumption of) 114 2018 2015
Radioiodines, including iodine-131 78, 100D 2012 2009
Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited 78, 100D 2012 2009
  • Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient or limited evidence in humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents
Radionuclides, beta-particle-emitting, internally deposited 78, 100D 2012 2009
  • Specific radionuclides for which there is sufficient evidence in humans are also listed individually as Group 1 agents
Rubber manufacturing industry 28, Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
Salted fish, Chinese-style 56, 100E 2012 2009
Solar radiation (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices) 55, 100D 2012 2009
Soot (as found in occupational exposure of chimney sweeps) 35, Sup 7, 92, 100F 2012 2009
Tobacco smoke, secondhand 83, 100E 2012 2009
Tobacco smoking 83, 100E 2012 2009
Tobacco, smokeless Sup 7, 89, 100E 2012 2009
Ultraviolet radiation from welding (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation) 100D, 118 2018 online 2017
  • Volume 100D concluded that there is sufficient evidence for ocular melanoma in welders
  • Volume 118 concluded that ultraviolet emissions from welding are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1; there is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of ultraviolet radiation from welding)
Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC) (see Ultraviolet radiation from welding; Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices; and Solar radiation) 55, 100D 2012 2017
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices (see Ultraviolet radiation (wavelengths 100–400 nm, encompassing UVA, UVB, and UVC); Ultraviolet radiation from welding; and Solar radiation) 100D 2012 2009
Welding fumes 49, 118 2018 online 2017
Wood dust 62, 100C 2012 2009
X- and Gamma-Radiation 75, 100D 2012 2009
10043-92-2 Radon-222 and its decay products 43, 78, 100D 2012 2009
101-14-4 4,4'-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) Sup 7, 57, 99, 100F 2012 2009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
104987-11-3 Tacrolimus 137 In prep. 2024
10540-29-1 Tamoxifen 66, 100A 2012 2008
  • There is "evidence suggesting lack of carcinogenicity" for tamoxifen in humans and cancer of the female breast. An inverse association has been observed between tamoxifen and cancer of the female breast.
106-99-0 1,3-Butadiene Sup 7, 54, 71, 97, 100F 2012 2009
107-13-1 Acrylonitrile 19, Sup 7, 71, 136 2025 online 2024
13233-32-4 Radium-224 and its decay products 78, 100D 2012 2009
1332-21-4
12172-73-5
12001-29-5
12001-28-4 		Asbestos (all forms, including actinolite, amosite, anthophyllite, chrysotile, crocidolite, tremolite) 14, Sup 7, 100C 2012 2009
  • Mineral substances (e.g. talc or vermiculite) that contain asbestos should also be regarded as carcinogenic to humans
  • These CAS Nos are for substances that CAS does not treat in its regular CA index
1336-36-3 Polychlorinated biphenyls 18, Sup 7, 107 2016 2013
137234-62-9 Voriconazole 137 In prep. 2024
13909-09-6 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea (Methyl-CCNU) (Semustine) Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
13982-63-3 Radium-226 and its decay products 78, 100D 2012 2009
1402-68-2 Aflatoxins Sup 7, 56, 82, 100F 2012 2009
14596-37-3 Phosphorus-32, as phosphate 78, 100D 2012 2009
148-82-3 Melphalan 9, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
14808-60-7 Silica dust, crystalline, in the form of quartz or cristobalite Sup 7, 68, 100C 2012 2009
15262-20-1 Radium-228 and its decay products 78, 100D 2012 2009
16543-55-8
64091-91-4 		N'-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-Nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Sup 7, 89, 100E 2012 2009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
1746-01-6 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin Sup 7, 69, 100F 2012 2009
18540-29-9 Chromium (VI) compounds Sup 7, 49, 100C 2012 2009
298-81-7 Methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) plus ultraviolet A radiation 24, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
299-75-2 Treosulfan 26, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
305-03-3 Chlorambucil 26, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
313-67-7 Aristolochic acid 82, 100A 2012 2008
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
313-67-7 Aristolochic acid, plants containing 82, 100A 2012 2008
33419-42-0 Etoposide 76, 100A 2012 2008
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
33419-42-0
15663-27-1
11056-06-7 		Etoposide in combination with cisplatin and bleomycin 76, 100A 2012 2008
335-67-1 Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) 110, 135 2025 online 2023
446-86-6 Azathioprine 26, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
494-03-1 Chlornaphazine 4, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
50-00-0 Formaldehyde Sup 7, 62, 88[4], 100F 2012 2009
50-18-0
6055-19-2 		Cyclophosphamide 26, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
50-32-8 Benzo[a]pyrene Sup 7, 92, 100F 2012 2009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
505-60-2 Sulfur mustard 9, Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
52-24-4 Thiotepa Sup 7, 50, 100A 2012 2008
542-88-1
107-30-2 		Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical-grade) 4, Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
55-98-1 Busulfan 4, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
56-53-1 Diethylstilbestrol 21, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
57117-31-4 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 100F 2012 2009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
57465-28-8 3,3',4,4',5-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) 100F 2012 2009
  • See Polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin-like, with a TEF according to WHO
58-89-9 Lindane 113 2018 2015
58-93-5 Hydrochlorothiazide 50, 108, 137 In prep. 2024
59865-13-3
79217-60-0 		Ciclosporin 50, 100A 2012 2008
62-44-2 Phenacetin 24, Sup 7, 100A 2012 2008
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 with supporting evidence from other relevant data
64-17-5 Ethanol in alcoholic beverages 96, 100E 2012 2009
65996-93-2 Coal-tar pitch 35, Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
66733-21-9 Erionite 42, Sup 7, 100C 2012 2009
68308-34-9 Shale oils 35, Sup 7, 100F 2012 2009
71-43-2 Benzene 29, Sup 7, 100F, 120 2018 2017
7440-07-5 Plutonium 78, 100D 2012 2009
7440-29-1 Thorium-232 and its decay products 78, 100D 2012 2009
7440-38-2 Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds 23, Sup 7, 100C 2012 2009
7440-41-7 Beryllium and beryllium compounds Sup 7, 58, 100C 2012 2009
7440-43-9 Cadmium and cadmium compounds 58, 100C 2012 2009
7440-61-1 Uranium, mixture of isotopes (see Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited) 78, 100D 2012 2009
  • Uranium was listed as a Group 1 agent as a member of the family, Radionuclides, alpha-particle-emitting, internally deposited. There was limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of mixtures of uranium isotopes, with positive associations for lung cancer
75-01-4 Vinyl chloride Sup 7, 97, 100F 2012 2009
75-07-0 Acetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages 100E 2012 2009
75-21-8 Ethylene oxide Sup 7, 60, 97, 100F 2012 2009
  • Overall evaluation upgraded to Group 1 based on mechanistic and other relevant data
78-87-5 1,2-Dichloropropane 41, Sup 7, 71, 110 2017 2014
79-01-6 Trichloroethylene Sup 7, 63, 106 2014 2012
8007-45-2 Coal-tar distillation 92, 100F 2012 2009
87-86-5 Pentachlorophenol 53, 71, 117 2019 2016
91-59-8 2-Naphthylamine 4, Sup 7, 99, 100F 2012 2009
92-67-1 4-Aminobiphenyl 1, Sup 7, 99, 100F 2012 2009
92-87-5 Benzidine 29, Sup 7, 99, 100F 2012 2009
95-53-4 ortho-Toluidine Sup 7, 77, 99, 100F 2012 2009

See also

References

  1. ^ "List of Classifications, Agents classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–124". IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Risk to Humans. IARC. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 14, 2019.
  2. ^ "IARC monographs preamble (as amended in 2019)" (PDF). International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Retrieved August 18, 2023. A cancer hazard is an agent that is capable of causing cancer, whereas a cancer risk is an estimate of the probability that cancer will occur given some level of exposure to a cancer hazard.
  3. ^ "List of Classifications – IARC Monographs on the Identification of Carcinogenic Hazards to Humans". monographs.iarc.who.int. Retrieved 2026-01-06.
  4. ^ Cogliano, Vincent; Grosse, Yann; Baan, Robert; Straif, Kurt; Secretan, Béatrice; Ghissassi, Fatiha El (2004). "Advice on formaldehyde and glycol ethers". The Lancet Oncology. 5 (9): 528. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(04)01562-1. Retrieved 2026-01-05.
allikas: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IARC_Group_1