Stump-tailed macaque
| Stump-tailed macaque | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Family: | Cercopithecidae |
| Genus: | Macaca |
| Species: | M. arctoides[1]
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| Binomial name | |
| Macaca arctoides[1] (I. Geoffroy, 1831)
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| Stump-tailed macaque range (blue – native, red – introduced, orange – possibly extinct) | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
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The stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), also called the bear macaque, is a species of macaque native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. In India, it occurs south of the Brahmaputra River, in the northeastern part of the country.[3] Its range in India extends from Assam and Meghalaya to eastern Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura.[4]
It is primarily frugivorous but eats many types of vegetation, such as seeds, leaves and roots. It also hunts freshwater crabs, frogs, bird eggs and insects.[5]
Characteristics
The stump-tailed macaque has long, thick, dark brown fur, and its hairless face and its short tail measures between 32 and 69 mm (1.3 and 2.7 in); it has cheek pouches to store food for short periods of time.[5] Infants are born white and darken as they mature.[5] As they age, their bright pink or red faces darken to brown or nearly black and lose most of the hair.[5] Males are larger than females, measuring 51.7–65 cm (20.4–25.6 in) long and weighing 9.7–10.2 kg (21–22 lb), while females measure 48.5–58.5 cm (19.1–23.0 in) and weigh 7.5–9.1 kg (17–20 lb).[5] Males' canine teeth, which are important for establishing dominance within social groups, are more elongated than those of the females.[5]
Distribution and habitat
The stump-tailed macaque is distributed from northeastern India, Myanmar, Thailand and the northwest tip of Peninsular Malaysia to Laos, Cambodia Vietnam and southern China. It inhabits evergreen and tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests at elevations of up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[2] It depends on rainforests for food and shelter, only spending time in secondary forests if it is bordering old-growth forest tropical forests.[5] It is possibly extinct in Bangladesh.[2]
In Cambodia, a population of 230 individuals is reported in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary.[6][7]
A study population was introduced to Tanaxpillo, an uninhabited island in Lake Catemaco, Veracruz, Mexico in 1974, where it ranges in seminatural conditions.[5] Most information on the species comes from the introduced population on Tanaxpillo and other captive settings, as few long-term studies have been conducted on the stump-tailed macaque in the wild.[5]
Behaviour and ecology
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Stump-tailed macaque generally share the same social structure of any macaque species, with a linear, hereditary dominance hierarchy hereditary in females yet fluctuates among males based on their fighting ability and social maneuvering. Compared to rhesus and long-tail macaques, stump-tails defuse intense confrontations, are relatively tolerant of group members, and have a surprisingly rich repertoire of reconciliation tactics.[8]
Reproduction
A study population of female stump-tailed macaques was found to have increased levels of steroid sex hormones, specifically 17β-estradiol and progesterone levels. 17β-estradiol levels were significantly greater during summer and fall and progesterone levels were significantly greater during summer, fall and winter. This explains how stump-tailed macaques have two mating seasons per year: one in summer (July–August) and one in fall (November). This is supported by the distribution of birth frequency in stump-tailed macaques.[9]
See also
- Britches – an infant stump-tailed macaque used in sight-deprivation experiments, which was stolen from the laboratory by the Animal Liberation Front.
- List of endangered and protected species of China
References
- ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
- ^ a b c d Chetry, D.; Boonratana, R.; Das, J.; Yongcheng, L.; Htun, S.; Timmins, R.J. (2020). "Macaca arctoides". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020 e.T12548A185202632. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12548A185202632.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (1988). "Priority ratings for conservation of Indian primates". Oryx. 22 (2): 89–94. doi:10.1017/S0030605300027551. S2CID 86707943.
- ^ Choudhury, A.U. (2002). "Status and conservation of the stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides in India". Primate Report. 63: 63–72.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Cawthon Lang, K.A. (2005). "Primate Factsheets: Stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology". Retrieved 2008-04-17.
- ^ Nuttall, M. N.; Griffin, O.; Fewster, R. M.; McGowan, P. J. K.; Abernethy, K.; O'Kelly, H.; Nut, M.; Sot, V.; Bunnefeld, N. (2021). "Long-term monitoring of wildlife populations for protected area management in Southeast Asia". Conservation Science and Practice. 4 (2) e614. Bibcode:2022ConSP...4E.614N. doi:10.1111/csp2.614. hdl:1893/33780. S2CID 245405123.
- ^ Griffin, O.; Nuttall, M. (2020). Status of Key Species in Keo Seima Wildlife Sanctuary 2010-2020. Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia (Report). Phnom Penh. doi:10.19121/2020.Report.38511. S2CID 229677607.
- ^ Call, J.; Aureli, F.; de Waal, F.B.M. (1999). "Reconciliation patterns among stumptailed macaques: a multivariate approach". Animal Behaviour. 58 (1): 165–172. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1116. PMID 10413553. S2CID 28385684.
- ^ Mondragón-Ceballos, R.; García-Granados, M.D.; Matamoros-Trejo, G.; Hernández-López, L.E. (2018). "Annual variations in sexual hormones and births' frequency in female stump-tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides)". Theriogenology. 108: 201–206. doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.11.013. PMID 29227912.
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