# Robert Schuman

- Link: https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2
- Published: 2026-05-09T10:29:33+03:00
- Author: toomas

### Postitused, kus seda mõistet mainitakse:

 * [Toomas Hendrik Ilves: mis on Euroopa suurstrateegia Pax Americana lõpul?](https://kihulane.eu/arhiiv/200738)
 * [TÄNA AJALOOS, 9. mai ⟩ Ilmub teos, millest saab juhikultusega uusreligiooni põhiteos](https://kihulane.eu/arhiiv/186676)

Prime Minister of France from 1947 to 1948

For the German composer, see [Robert Schumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann).

^([_[needs Luxembourgish IPA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation)_])

**Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman** (French: [ʁɔbɛʁ ʃuman];29 June 1886 – 4
September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born French statesman. Schuman was a [Christian democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy)(
[Popular Republican Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement))
political thinker and activist. Twice [Prime Minister of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France),
a reformist Minister of Finance and a Foreign Minister, he was instrumental in building
postwar European and trans-Atlantic institutions and was one of the founders of 
the [European Communities](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Communities), 
the [Council of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe) and NATO.
He was the one who proposed the [Schuman Declaration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuman_Declaration),
which established the [European Coal and Steel Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community),
ultimately a predecessor of the [European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union).
The 1964–1965 academic year at the [College of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Europe)
was named in his honour. In 2021, Schuman was declared venerable by [Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis)
in recognition of his acting on Christian principles.

## Early life

[[

Schuman's birth house in [Clausen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausen,_Luxembourg),
[Luxembourg City](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg_City)

Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman was born on 29 June 1886^([[1]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-1))
in [Clausen, Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausen,_Luxembourg), inheriting
his father's [German citizenship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_citizenship).
His father, Jean-Pierre Schuman (d. 1900), who was a native of [Lorraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(region))
and was born a French citizen, had become a German citizen when Lorraine was annexed
by Germany in 1871, and he left to settle in [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg),
not far from his native village of [Évrange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Évrange).

Schuman's mother, Eugénie Suzanne Duren (d. 1911), was a [Luxembourger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgers).
Though Schuman would later become involved in French politics, he grew up and attended
school in Luxembourg City, speaking [Luxembourgish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourgish)
as his mother tongue.

Schuman's secondary schooling from 1896 to 1903 was at [Athénée de Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athénée_de_Luxembourg),
followed in 1904 by the Kaiserliches Lyceum in [Metz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz).
From 1904 to 1910, he studied law, economics, political philosophy, theology and
statistics at the [Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_University_of_Berlin),
the [Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität_München),
the [University of Bonn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bonn) and the
[University of Strasbourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg),
and received a law degree with the highest distinction from the University of Strasbourg.
^([[2]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-2)) In 1904, Schuman
joined the Catholic student association _Unitas_ in Bonn.^([[3]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292–93-3))

In 1912, Schuman set up practice as a lawyer in Metz and joined the L'Union Populaire
Catholique.^([[4]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalayret202291,_93-4))
When the war broke out in 1914, he was called up for the auxiliary troops by the
German army in Metz but was excused from military service on health grounds. From
1915 to 1918, he served in the administration of the [Bolchen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulay-Moselle)
kreis.^([[5]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-5))

## Interwar period

[[

Portrait of Schuman, [député](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_France)
from [Moselle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_(department)) (1929)

[[

Statue of Schuman in [Cinquantenaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquantenaire),
[Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels)

After the [First World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War), [Alsace-Lorraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine)
was returned to France, and Schuman became a [French citizen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_citizen)
in 1918.^([[6]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292-6))

Schuman became active in French politics. In 1919, he was first elected as a member
of the [Chamber of Deputies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_France)
on a regional list and later served as the deputy for [Thionville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thionville)(
[Moselle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_(department))) until 1958, with 
an interval during the war. He made a major contribution to the drafting and the
parliamentary passage of the reintroduction of the French Civil and Commercial Codes
by the French parliament, when the Alsace-Lorraine region, then under German rule
and thus German law, returned to France. The harmonisation of the regional law with
the French law was called "Lex Schuman".^([[7]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-7))
Schuman also investigated and patiently uncovered postwar corruption in the Lorraine
steel industries and in the Alsace and the Lorraine railways, which were bought 
for a derisory price by the powerful and influential [de Wendel family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Wendel_family)
in what he called in the Parliament "a pillage".^([[8]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-8))

## World War II

In 1940, because of his expertise on Germany, Schuman was called to become a member
of [Paul Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud)'s wartime government
to be in charge of the refugees. He kept that position during the first [Pétain government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pétain_government).
On 10 July, he voted to give full power to Marshal [Philippe Pétain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Pétain),
who supported the armistice with Germany, but refused to continue to be in the government.
On 14 September, he was arrested in Metz for acts of resistance and protest against
[Nazi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi) methods.^([[6]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292-6))
He was interrogated by the [Gestapo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo) but 
the intervention of a German lawyer stopped him from being sent to [Dachau concentration camp](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp).
Schuman was placed then under house arrest in Neustadt but was able to escape to
the unoccupied zone of France in August 1942.^([[6]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292-6))
Between 1942 and 1944 he also stayed several times at various monasteries such as
the [En-Calcat Abbey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En-Calcat_Abbey) whose liturgical
hours he followed.^([[9]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalayret202293-9))

## French Under-Secretary of State

After the war, Schuman rose to great prominence. He initially had some difficulties.
In 1940 he had voted for Petain. In Petain's cabinet governing 16 June - 10 July
1940 ([Gouvernement Pétain](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Pétain))
there were two _Sous-secrétaires d'État_. Schumann was _Sous-secrétaire d'État aux
Réfugiés_ (Under-Secretary of State for Refugees). Schuman was a parliamentarian
who had voted to grant Pétain full powers.^([[10]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-fimister-10))

On 25 August 1944, [Paris was liberated](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris).
In September 1944, General [Jean de Lattre de Tassigny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny),
the commander of the French First Army, sought Schuman out to become a political
advisor in the affairs of [Alsace-Lorraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine).
The minister of war, [Andre Diethelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Diethelm?action=edit&redlink=1)[
[fr](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre%20Diethelm)], demanded shortly later that"
this product of Vichy be immediately kicked out". Under the ordinance of 26 August
1944, Schuman was considered ineligible for public office, stricken with _[indignité nationale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indignité_nationale)_.
^([[10]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-fimister-10))^(
[[11]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FondationRS-11)) 
On 24 July 1945, Schuman wrote to [Charles de Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle)
to ask him to intervene. De Gaulle answered favourably, and on 15 September, Schuman
regained his full civic rights,^([[11]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FondationRS-11))
becoming able to again play an active role in French politics.

Schuman was Minister of Finance in 1946 and [Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France)
from 1947 to 1948. He assured parliamentary stability during a period of revolutionary
strikes and attempted insurrection. In the last days of his first administration,
his government proposed plans that later resulted in the [Council of Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe)
and the [European Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Community) [single market](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_market).
^([[12]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-12)) Becoming [Foreign Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Minister_(France))
in 1948, he retained the post in different governments until early 1953.^([[13]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-13))

When Schuman's first government proposed the creation of a European Assembly, it
made the issue a governmental matter for Europe, not merely an academic discussion
or the subject of private conferences, like [The Hague Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Congress_(1948))
of the European Movements earlier in [1948](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_in_France).(
Schuman's was one of the few governments to send active ministers.) The proposal
saw life as the Council of Europe and was created within the tight schedule that
Schuman had set. At the signing of its Statutes at [St James's Palace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James's_Palace),
London, on 5 May 1949, the founding states agreed to define the borders of Europe
based on the principles of human rights and fundamental freedoms that Schuman enunciated
there. He also announced a coming [supranational union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supranational_union)
for Europe that saw light as the [European Coal and Steel Community](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community)(
ECSC) and other such Communities within a union framework of common law and democracy:

## European politics

[[

On 19 March 1958, the first meeting of the European Parliamentary Assembly was held
in Strasbourg under the Presidency of Schuman.

Schuman later served as Minister of Justice before becoming the first [President of the European Parliamentary Assembly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament)(
the successor to the _Common Assembly_), which bestowed on him by acclamation the
title 'Father of Europe'. He is considered one of the [founding fathers of the European Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union).
He presided over the [European Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Movement)
from 1955 to 1961. In 1958, he received the [Karlspreis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlspreis),
^([[17]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-17)) an Award by
the German city of [Aachen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen) to people who 
contributed to the European idea and European peace, commemorating [Charlemagne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne),
the ruler of what is now both France and Germany, who lived in and is buried at 
Aachen. Schuman was also made a knight of the [Order of Pius IX](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Pius_IX).
^([[18]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-18))

Schuman was intensely religious and a [Bible](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible)
scholar.^([[19]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-Wilton_2016_13–32-19))
He commended the writings of [Pope Pius XII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII),
who condemned both [fascism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism) and [communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism).
He was an expert in medieval philosophy,^([[19]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-Wilton_2016_13–32-19))
especially the writings of [Thomas Aquinas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas),
^([[20]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-20)) and he thought
highly of the philosopher [Jacques Maritain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain),
a contemporary.^([[21]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-21))

## Beatification process

Schuman, a [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church), demonstrated
a monkish [asceticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism#Christianity) in
his daily life and believed that democracy owed its existence to Christianity.^(
[[9]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalayret202293-9))

On 9 June 1990, the [Bishop of Metz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Metz),
[Pierre Raffin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Raffin), authorized the opening
of the [beatification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification) process for 
Schuman. He was proclaimed a [Servant of God](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_of_God)
in May 2004, with the conclusion of the diocesan process. The documents were sent
to the Vatican, where the [Congregation for the Causes of Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints)
is studying the dossier.^([[22]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-22))

On 19 June 2021, in an audience granted to Cardinal [Marcello Semeraro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Semeraro),
[Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis) authorized the Congregation
for the Causes of Saints to promulgate the decree concerning the heroic virtues 
of Schuman, who can thus be defined as [venerable](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Venerable).
^([[23]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-23))^([[24]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-24))

## Memorials

[[

Monument to Schuman in front of the [Berlaymont building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlaymont_building),
[Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels)

[[

Grave of Schuman in [Saint Quentin church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin_church),
in [Scy-Chazelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scy-Chazelles), near [Metz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz),
France

The [Schuman District](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union)
of [Brussels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels) (including a [metro/railway station](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuman_station)
and a [tunnel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuman_tunnel), as well as a [square](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_square))
is named in his honour. Around the square ("[Schuman roundabout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuman_roundabout)")
can be found various European institutions, including the [Berlaymont building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlaymont_building)
which is the headquarters of the [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission)
and has a monument to Schuman outside, as well as key [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament)
buildings. In the nearby [Cinquantenaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquantenaire)
Park, there is a bust of Schuman as a memorial to him. The European Parliament awards
the Robert Schuman Scholarship^([[25]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-25))
for university graduates to complete a traineeship within the European Parliament
and gain experience within the different committees, legislative processes and framework
of the European Union.

A [Social Science University named after him](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman_University)
lies in [Strasbourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg) (France) along with
the _Avenue du President Robert Schuman_ in that city's [European Quarter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Institutions_in_Strasbourg).
In [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg) there is a Rond Point 
Schuman,^([[26]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-26)) [Boulevard Robert Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulevard_Robert_Schuman),
a school called Lycée Robert Schuman and a [Robert Schuman Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament_in_Luxembourg),
of the European Parliament. In [Esch-sur-Alzette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esch-sur-Alzette),
Luxembourg, there is a Rue Robert Schuman.^([[27]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-27))
The house where he was born was restored by the European Parliament and can be visited,
as can his home in [Scy-Chazelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scy-Chazelles) 
just outside Metz.

In 1952 Schuman was awarded with an honorary doctorate in the Netherlands, at the
Katholieke Economische Hogeschool Tilburg, at present [Tilburg University](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburg_University).

In [Aix-en-Provence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aix-en-Provence), a town in [Bouches-du-Rhone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouches-du-Rhone),
France, there is an Avenue Robert Schuman, which houses the three university buildings
of the town and in [Ireland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland) there is a building
in the [University of Limerick](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick)
named the "Robert Schuman" building. In the United Kingdom, the assembly hall of
the former European School at Culham, Oxfordshire (now the Europa School), is named
after him.

The [European University Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_University_Institute)
in [Florence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence), Italy, is home to the [Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Centre_for_Advanced_Studies)(
RSCAS), focusing on "inter-disciplinary, comparative, and policy research on the
major issues on the European integration process".^([[28]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-28))

The [Robert Schuman Institute](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman_Institute)
in [Budapest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest), [Hungary](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary),
a European-level training institution of the [European People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_People's_Party)
family is dedicated to promoting the idea of a united Europe, supporting and the
process of democratic transformation in Central, Eastern and South Eastern Europe
and the development of [Christian Democratic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic)
and centre-right political parties also bears the name of Robert Schuman.

In 1965, the Robert Schuman Mittelschule in the St. Mang suburb of the city of [Kempten](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kempten)
in southern [Bavaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria) was named after him.
^([[29]](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_note-29))

## Governments

| Part of [a series](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_democracy) on | 
| [Christian democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_democracy) | 
| [](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_flag_waving.svg) | 
|

Principles

 * [Catholic social teaching](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching)
 * [Christian corporatism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_corporatism)
 * [Common good](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good)
 * [Communitarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianism)
 * [Confessionalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics))
 * [Consistent life ethic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic)
 * [Culture of life](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_life)
 * [Distributism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributism)
 * [Human dignity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dignity)
 * [Neo-scholasticism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-scholasticism)
 * [Option for the poor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_for_the_poor)
 * [Person Dignity Theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory)
 * [Personalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalism)
 * [Pillarisation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillarisation)
 * _[Popolarismo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popolarismo)_
 * [Social Gospel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Gospel)
 * [Social justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice)
 * [Social market economy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_market_economy)
    - [Ecological](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-social_market_economy)
 * [Solidarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidarity)
 * [Sphere sovereignty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty)
 * [Stewardship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_stewardship)
 * [Subsidiarity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity)
    - [Catholic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiarity_in_Catholicism)
 * [Welfare state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_state#Forms)

 |  
|

Intellectuals

 * [Arizmendiarrieta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_María_Arizmendiarrieta)
 * [Belloc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc)
 * [Dooyeweerd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Dooyeweerd)
 * [Gebhardt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Gebhardt)
 * [Gilson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Gilson)
 * [Görres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Görres)
 * [Groen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer)
 * [Ketteler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler)
 * [Kurth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godefroid_Kurth)
 * [Leo XIII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII)
 * [Lima](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alceu_Amoroso_Lima)
 * [Maritain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Maritain)
 * [Mounier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Mounier)
 * [Pesch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch)
 * [Rohrmoser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Günter_Rohrmoser)
 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)
 * [Stomma](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Stomma)
 * [Sturzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo)
 * [Vialatoux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Vialatoux)

 |  
|

Politicians

 * [Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer)
 * [Andreotti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti)
 * [Antall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/József_Antall)
 * [Bayrou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Bayrou)
 * [Beel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Beel)
 * [Bondevik](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Magne_Bondevik)
 * [Bryan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan)
 * [Busch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebba_Busch)
 * [Buzek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek)
 * [Caldera](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Caldera)
 * [Carroll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_T._Carroll)
 * [Clerides](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glafcos_Clerides)
 * [Cosgrave](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave)
 * [Daul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Daul)
 * [De Gasperi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi)
 * [Dehaene](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Luc_Dehaene)
 * [Donnelly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Donnelly)
 * [Dzurinda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikuláš_Dzurinda)
 * [Erhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard)
 * [Erzberger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Erzberger)
 * [Fenech Adami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Fenech_Adami)
 * [Frei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva)
 * [Gemayel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel)
 * [Groen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Groen_van_Prinsterer)
 * [Haller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Józef_Haller)
 * [Joseph](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Joseph)
 * [Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker)
 * [Kaas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Kaas)
 * [Kaiser](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Kaiser)
 * [Kennedy (John)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy)
 * [Kennedy (Robert)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy)
 * [Ketteler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Emmanuel_von_Ketteler)
 * [Klausener](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Klausener)
 * [Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl)
 * [Komorowski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Komorowski)
 * [Korfanty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Korfanty)
 * [Kramp-Karrenbauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annegret_Kramp-Karrenbauer)
 * [Kurz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kurz)
 * [Kuyper](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper)
 * [Lacalle Pou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Lacalle_Pou)
 * [Laschet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armin_Laschet)
 * [Letta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Letta)
 * [Lubbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers)
 * [Martens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Martens)
 * [Mattarella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella)
 * [Mazowiecki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Mazowiecki)
 * [Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel)
 * [Metsola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Metsola)
 * [Mikołajczyk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanisław_Mikołajczyk)
 * [Moro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Moro)
 * [Pastrana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrés_Pastrana_Arango)
 * [Peterle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojze_Peterle)
 * [Pethrus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewi_Pethrus)
 * [Popiel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Popiel)
 * [Portas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Portas)
 * [Pöttering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Gert_Pöttering)
 * [Prodi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano_Prodi)
 * [Quadros](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jânio_Quadros)
 * [Schäffer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Schäffer)
 * [Seipel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignaz_Seipel)
 * [Söder](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Söder)
 * [Stegerwald](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Stegerwald)
 * [Strauss](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss)
 * [Sturzo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo)
 * [Tindemans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tindemans)
 * [Vogelsang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Freiherr_von_Vogelsang)
 * [von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen)
 * [Wałęsa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lech_Wałęsa)
 * [Weber](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Weber)
 * [Werner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Werner)
 * [Windthorst](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Windthorst)

 |  
|

[Parties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_democratic_parties)

 * [American Solidarity Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party)
 * [Austrian People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People's_Party)
 * [Christian Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy))
 * [Christian Democratic Appeal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal)
 * [Christian Democratic and Flemish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_and_Flemish)
 * [Christian Democratic Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Chile))
 * [Christian Democratic Party of Uruguay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_of_Uruguay)
 * [Christian Democratic People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_People's_Party_(Hungary))
 * [Christian-Democratic Rebirth Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian-Democratic_Rebirth_Party)
 * [Christian Democratic Union of Germany](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany)
 * [Christian Social People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_People's_Party)
 * [Christian Social Union in Bavaria](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria)
 * [Christian Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Union_(Netherlands))
 * [Centre Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany))
 * [Centrists for Europe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrists_for_Europe)
 * [Civic Platform](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Platform)
 * [Croatian Democratic Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Democratic_Union)
 * [Democratic Rally](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Rally)
 * [Democrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrats_(Chile))
 * [European Christian Political Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Christian_Political_Party)
 * [Fianna Fáil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fianna_Fáil)
 * [Fine Gael](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Gael)
 * [Free Patriotic Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement)
 * [Kataeb Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataeb_Party)
 * [National Action Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Action_Party_(Mexico))
 * [National Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_(Uruguay))
 * [Nationalist Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Malta))
 * [New Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democracy_(Greece))
 * [Patriotic Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotic_Union_(Liechtenstein))
 * [People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Party_(Spain))
 * [Polish People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_People's_Party)
 * [Popular Republican Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Republican_Movement)
 * [Prohibition Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_Party)
 * [The Centre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Centre_(political_party))
 * [VMRO-DPMNE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VMRO-DPMNE)

 |  
|

Organizations

 * [Catholic Action](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Action)
 * [Centrist Democrat International](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrist_Democrat_International)
 * [Center for Public Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Public_Justice)
 * [Christian Democrat Organization of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democrat_Organization_of_America)
 * [European People's Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_People's_Party)
 * [Konrad Adenauer Foundation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation)
 * [Young Union](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Union)

 |  
|

Documents

 * _[Rerum novarum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerum_novarum)_ (1891)
 * _[Graves de communi re](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graves_de_communi_re)_ (1901)
 * _[Quadragesimo anno](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno)_ (1931)
 * _[Populorum progressio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populorum_progressio)_ (1967)
 * _[Centesimus annus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centesimus_annus)_ (1991)

 |  
|

Related topics

 * [Catholic Church and politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics)
 * [Christian left](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_left)
    - [Christian anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_anarchism)
    - [Christian communism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_communism)
    - [Christian socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_socialism)
    - [Evangelical left](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_left)
 * [Christian libertarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_libertarianism)
 * [Christian right](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_right)
    - [Christian nationalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_nationalism)
 * [Clerical philosophers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_philosophers)
 * [Ethical socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_socialism)
 * [Integralism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralism)
 * [Progressive Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Christianity)
 * [Religious democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_democracy)
    - [Buddhist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy)
    - [Islamic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_democracy)
    - [Jewish](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state)
    - [Mormon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodemocracy)
 * [Social democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_democracy)

 |  
|

 * [⌊icon⌉⌊icon⌉[ [Christianity portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity)
 * [⌊icon⌉⌊icon⌉[ [Politics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)

 | 
|  |

### First ministry (24 November 1947 – 26 July 1948)

 * Robert Schuman – President of the Council
 * [Georges Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault) – Minister of
   Foreign Affairs
 * [Pierre-Henri Teitgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen) – 
   Minister of National Defense
 * [Jules Moch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Moch) – Minister of the Interior
 * [René Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Mayer) – Minister of Finance 
   and Economic Affairs
 * [Robert Lacoste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lacoste) – Minister of 
   Commerce and Industry
 * [Daniel Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mayer) – Minister of Labour
   and Social Security
 * [André Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Marie) – Minister of Justice
 * [Marcel Edmond Naegelen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Edmond_Naegelen)–
   Minister of National Education
 * [François Mitterrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Mitterrand) – Minister
   of Veterans and War Victims
 * [Pierre Pflimlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin) – Minister of
   Agriculture
 * [Paul Coste-Floret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Coste-Floret) – Minister
   of Overseas France
 * [Christian Pineau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Pineau) – Minister
   of Public Works and Transport
 * [Germaine Poinso-Chapuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine_Poinso-Chapuis)–
   Minister of Public Health and Population
 * [René Coty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Coty) – Minister of Reconstruction
   and Town Planning

**Changes**:

 * 12 February 1948 – [Édouard Depreux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Depreux)
   succeeds Naegelen as Minister of National Education.

### Second ministry (5–11 September 1948)

 * Robert Schuman – President of the Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * [René Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Mayer) – Minister of National
   Defense
 * [André Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Marie) – Vice President of 
   the Council
 * [Jules Moch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Moch) – Minister of the Interior
 * [Christian Pineau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Pineau) – Minister
   of Finance and Economic Affairs
 * [Robert Lacoste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lacoste) – Minister of 
   Commerce and Industry
 * [Daniel Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mayer) – Minister of Labour
   and Social Security
 * [Robert Lecourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lecourt) – Minister of 
   Justice
 * Tony Revillon – Minister of National Education
 * Jules Catoire – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
 * [Pierre Pflimlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin) – Minister of
   Agriculture
 * [Paul Coste-Floret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Coste-Floret) – Minister
   of Overseas France
 * [Henri Queuille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille) – Minister of 
   Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
 * [Pierre Schneiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Schneiter) – Minister
   of Public Health and Population
 * [René Coty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Coty) – Minister of Reconstruction
   and Town Planning

## See also

 * [History of the European Coal and Steel Community (1945–57)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_European_Coal_and_Steel_Community_(1945–57))

## References

 1.  [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-1) [Actes de naissance
     relatifs aux années 1885 et 1886 de la commune de Luxembourg "[https://archives.services-publics.lu/viewer/descriptions/709601/55655?objectType=DisseminationURL](https://archives.services-publics.lu/viewer/descriptions/709601/55655?objectType=DisseminationURL)"].
     Acte n°280 de 1886. Retrieved 1 August 2026. `{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}`:
     Check `|url=` value ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_url));
     External link in `|title=` ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link))
 2.  [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-2) Anonymous (16 June
     2016). ["About the EU – European Union – European Commission"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160428224608/http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/founding-fathers/pdf/robert_schuman_en.pdf)(
     PDF). _European Union_. Archived from [the original](http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/founding-fathers/pdf/robert_schuman_en.pdf)(
     PDF) on 28 April 2016.
 3.  [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292–93_3-0)
     [Palayret 2022](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#CITEREFPalayret2022),
     pp. 92–93.
 4.  [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalayret202291,_93_4-0)
     [Palayret 2022](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#CITEREFPalayret2022),
     pp. 91, 93.
 5.  [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-5) ["Biography – Robert Schuman centre – CERS"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130601033651/http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/robert-schuman/biography?langue=en).
     _www.centre-robert-schuman.org_. Archived from [the original](http://www.centre-robert-schuman.org/robert-schuman/biography?langue=en)
     on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
 6.  [1](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292_6-0)
     [2](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292_6-1)
     [3](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalayret202292_6-2)
     [Palayret 2022](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#CITEREFPalayret2022),
     p. 92.
 7.  [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-7) ["Conférence à l'occasion du 60e anniversaire de la Déclaration Schuman : Fondation d'une gouvernance en Europe – Europaforum Luxembourg"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170701122155/http://www.europaforum.public.lu/fr/actualites/2010/05/colloque-schuman/).
     _www.europaforum.public.lu_. May 2010. Archived from [the original](http://www.europaforum.public.lu/fr/actualites/2010/05/colloque-schuman/)
     on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
 8.  [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-8) Lejeune, René (2000).
     _Robert Schuman, père de l'Europe_. Paris: Fayard. p. 98. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
     9782213606354.
 9.  [1](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalayret202293_9-0)
     [2](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalayret202293_9-1)
     [Palayret 2022](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#CITEREFPalayret2022),
     p. 93.
 10. [1](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-fimister_10-0) [2](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-fimister_10-1)
     Fimister, Alan (2008). [_Robert Schuman: Neo Scholastic Humanism and the Reunification of Europe_](https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ7ncyFsEGMC&pg=PA165).
     P.I.E Peter Lang. p. 165. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
     978-90-5201-439-5.
 11. [1](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FondationRS_11-0) [2](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-FondationRS_11-1)
     Poidevin, Raymond. ["Robert Schuman: un itinéraire étonnant"](https://www.robert-schuman.eu/fr/robert-schuman-un-itineraire-etonnant)(
     excerpt from his 1988 book _Robert Schuman_) (in French). Fondation Robert Schuman.
     Retrieved 3 May 2018.
 12. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-12) ["Schuman and the Hague conferences"](https://www.schuman.info/HagueConfs.htm).
     Schuman.info. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
 13. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-13) [Kabinett Marie 26 July 1948 - 28 August 1948](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabinett%20Marie),
     [Schuman second cabinet](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Schuman%20II)(
     Prime Minister _and_ Foreign Minister), [Gouvernement Queuille I](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Queuille%20I),
     [Gouvernement Bidault II](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Bidault%20II),
     [Gouvernement Bidault III](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Bidault%20III),
     [Gouvernement Queuille II](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Queuille%20II),
     [Gouvernement Pleven I](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Pleven%20I),
     [Gouvernement Queuille III](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Queuille%20III),
     [Gouvernement Pleven II](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Pleven%20II)
     et [Gouvernement Faure I](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Faure%20I)
     and [Gouvernement Pinay](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Pinay). 
     In the [Mayer cabinet](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement%20Mayer), [Georges Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)
     was Foreign Minister.
 14. [1](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-auto_14-0) [2](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-auto_14-1)
     ["Schuman's speech at Strasbourg, announcing the coming supranational European Community"](https://www.schuman.info/Strasbourg549.htm).
     Schuman.info. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
 15. [1](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-schuman1948_15-0) [2](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-schuman1948_15-1)
     ["Schuman's speeches at the UN 1948 and 1949"](https://www.schuman.info/UN4849.htm).
     Schuman.info. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
 16. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-16) ["Full text of Schuman Declaration"](https://www.schuman.info/9May1950.htm).
     Schuman.info. Retrieved 3 November 2011.
 17. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-17) ["Charlemagne Prize Laureate 1958 Robert Schuman"](https://www.karlspreis.de/en/laureates/robert-schuman-1958/biography).
     Der Internationale Karlspreis zu Aachen (International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen).
     Retrieved 4 December 2018.
 18. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-18) ["Robert Schuman And May 9th"](https://epthinktank.eu/2013/05/09/robert-schuman-and-may-9th/).
     [European Parliamentary Research Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Research_Service).
     9 May 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
 19. [1](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-Wilton_2016_13–32_19-0)
     [2](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-Wilton_2016_13–32_19-1)
     Wilton, Gary (2016). "Chapter 1: Christianity at the founding: the legacy of Robert
     Schuman". In Chaplin, Johnathan; Wilton, Gary (eds.). _God and the EU: Faith in
     the European Project_. Routledge. pp. 13–32. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
     978-1-138-90863-5.
 20. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-20) Fimister, Alan (
     2008). _Robert Schuman: Neo Scholastic Humanism and the Reunification of Europe_.
     P.I.E Peter Lang. p. 198. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier))
     978-90-5201-439-5.
 21. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-21) _Pour l'Europe_(
     For Europe) Paris 1963
 22. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-22) ["Les soeurs de la Visitation"](http://www.lavisitation-metz.fr/).
     _Monastère de la Visitation_ (in French). Retrieved 20 September 2021.
 23. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-23) ["Promulgazione di Decreti della Congregazione delle Cause dei Santi"](https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/06/19/0395/00862.html).
     _press.vatican.va_. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
 24. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-24) Galindo, Gabriela(
     19 June 2021). ["EU founder Robert Schuman on path to sainthood"](https://www.politico.eu/article/robert-schuman-saint-european-union-founder/).
     _Politico_. Retrieved 19 August 2022.
 25. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-25) ["Traineeships"](https://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/20150201PVL00047/Traineeships).
     _www.europarl.europa.eu_. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
 26. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-26) ["Google Maps"](https://www.google.com/maps/search/luxembourg/@49.616949,6.126418,18z/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!2m1!4b1?hl=en).
     _Google Maps_. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
 27. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-27) ["Google Maps"](https://www.google.com/maps/search/Rue+Robert+Schuman,+Esch-sur-Alzette,+Luxembourg/@49.501023,5.97903,16z?source=s_q&hl=en).
     _Google Maps_. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
 28. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-28) ["Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies"](https://www.eui.eu/DepartmentsAndCentres/RobertSchumanCentre/Index.aspx).
     European University Institute. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
 29. [↑](https://kihulane.eu/glossary/robert-schuman-2#cite_ref-29) ["Homepage der Robert-Schuman-Mittelschule Sankt Mang"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151225062503/http://www.robert-schuman-schule.de/index.html).
     Archived from [the original](http://www.robert-schuman-schule.de/index.html) on
     25 December 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2015.

## Further reading

 * Avery, Graham. "Robert Schuman on Hungary and Europe." _Hungarian Quarterly_ 
   198 (2010): 3–16.
 * Domingo, Rafael. "Robert Schuman and the process of European integration." in
   _Christianity and Global Law_ (2020) pp 178–194.
 * Fimister, Alan. _Robert Schuman: Neo-Scholastic Humanism and the Reunification
   of Europe_ (2008)
 * Hitchcock, William I. "France, the Western Alliance, and the origins of the Schuman
   Plan, 1948–1950." _Diplomatic History_ 21.4 (1997): 603–630.
 * [Kaiser, Wolfram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser,_Wolfram). "From state
   to society? The historiography of European integration." in Michelle Cini and
   Angela K. Bourne, eds. _Palgrave Advances in European Union Studies_ (Palgrave
   Macmillan UK, 2006). pp. 190–208.
 * Langley, McKendree R. "Robert Schuman and the Politics of Reconciliation." _Pro
   Rege_ 10.4 (1982): 8–16. [online](http://digitalcollections.dordt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2418&context=pro_rege)
 * Palayret, Jean-Marie (26 October 2022). "The Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950".
   In Gehler, Michael; Guasconi, Maria Eleonora; Pierini, Francesco (eds.). [_Narrating Europe: Speeches on European Integration (1946–2020)_](https://books.google.com/books?id=3XunEAAAQBAJ).
   Nomos Verlag. [ISBN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)) 978-3-7489-
   2827-0. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
 * Schuman, Robert. "France and Europe." _[Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs)_,
   Vol. 31, No. 3, April 1953, pp. 349–360. [doi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)):
   [10.2307/20030969](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20030969). [JSTOR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier))
   [20030969](https://www.jstor.org/stable/20030969).

## External links

 * [Schuman Project](http://www.schuman.info), biographical information plus analysis
   of Schuman's work initiating a supranational European Community, why it is a 
   major political innovation, and its comparison with classical federalism. Site
   includes some of Schuman's key speeches announcing the innovation in 1949–50.
 * [Fondation Robert Schuman](https://web.archive.org/web/20100311143449/http://www.robert-schuman.eu/)
 * [The _Katholische Akademie Trier_](https://web.archive.org/web/20040927220526/http://www.kat-akademie.dioezese-trier.de/)
   is vested in the Robert Schuman-Haus (in German)
 * _[Schuman Declaration ](http://www.robert-schuman.eu/declaration_9mai.php)(9 
   May 1950)_ (in English, German, Spanish, and French)
 * [Video of the Schuman Declaration of the creation of the ECSC](http://www.ena.lu?lang=1&doc=15836)–
   European Navigator
 * [1949 letter](http://www.ena.lu/?lang=2&doc=16822) from the UK Foreign minister
   [Ernest Bevin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Bevin) to Robert Schuman,
   urging a reconsideration of the industrial dismantling policy in Germany.
 * [Literature by and about Robert Schuman](https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118611631)
   in the [German National Library](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library)
   catalogue
 * [Works by and about Robert Schuman](https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118611631)
   in the [Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Digitale_Bibliothek)(
   German Digital Library)
 * "[Robert Schuman](https://www.heiligenlexikon.de/BiographienR/Robert_Schumann.html)"
   in the _[Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ökumenisches_Heiligenlexikon)_
 * [Newspaper clippings about Robert Schuman](https://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/016141)
   in the [20th Century Press Archives](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives)
   of the [ZBW](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics)
 * Robert Schuman archives at the ["Fondation Jean Monnet"](https://jean-monnet.ch/)

 |  Political offices  | 
 |  Preceded by

[Paul Ramadier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier)

 |  ** [Prime Minister of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France) **
1947–1948 |  Succeeded by

[André Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Marie)

 | 
 |  Preceded by

[Georges Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)

 |  ** [Minister of Foreign Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(France)) **
1948–1953 |  Succeeded by

[Georges Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)

 | 
 |  Preceded by

[André Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Marie)

 |  ** [Prime Minister of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France) **
1948 |  Succeeded by

[Henri Queuille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille)

 | 
 |  Preceded by

[Emmanuel Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Temple?action=edit&redlink=1)

 |  ** [Minister of Justice](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Justice_(France)) **
1955–1956 |  Succeeded by

[François Mitterrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Mitterrand)

 | 
 |  Preceded by

[Hans Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler)

 |  ** [President of the European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament) **
1958–1960 |  Succeeded by

[Hans Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler)

 | 
 |  Awards and achievements | 
 |  Preceded by

[Paul-Henri Spaak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak)

 |  ** Laureate of the [Charlemagne Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize) **
1958 |  Succeeded by

[George Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall)

 |

|

[Heads of government of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France)

 | 
| [Restoration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France) |

 * [Talleyrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord)
 * [Richelieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu)
 * [Dessolles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Dessolles,_1st_Marquis_Dessolles)
 * [Decazes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élie,_duc_Decazes)
 * [Richelieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_5th_Duke_of_Richelieu)
 * [Villèle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_de_Villèle)
 * [Martignac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Gay,_1st_Viscount_of_Martignac)
 * [Polignac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac)
 * [Mortemart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_de_Rochechouart,_11th_Duke_of_Mortemart)
 * [Prince Louis Philippe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I)

 | 
| [July Monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy) |

 * [Louis Philippe I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I)
 * [Laffitte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte)
 * [Perier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_Périer)
 * [Soult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult)
 * [Gérard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Maurice_Gérard)
 * [Maret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano)
 * [Mortier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Treviso)
 * [V. de Broglie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785–1870))
 * [Thiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers)
 * [Molé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Molé)
 * [Soult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult)
 * [Thiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers)
 * [Soult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult)
 * [Guizot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Guizot)
 * [Molé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Molé)

 | 
| [Second Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic) |

 * [Dupont de l'Eure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l'Eure)
 * [Arago](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Arago)
 * [Cavaignac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Eugène_Cavaignac)
 * [Barrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odilon_Barrot)
 * [Hautpoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_Henri_d'Hautpoul)
 * [Faucher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Faucher)

 | 
| [Second Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire) |

 * [Ollivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Ollivier)
 * [Cousin-Montauban](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cousin-Montauban,_Comte_de_Palikao)

 | 
| [Government of
National Defense
 |

 * [Trochu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Jules_Trochu)

 | 
| [Third Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic) |

 * [Dufaure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure)
 * [A. de Broglie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie)
 * [Cissey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Courtot_de_Cissey)
 * [Buffet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet)
 * [Dufaure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure)
 * [Simon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Simon)
 * [A. de Broglie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie)
 * [Rochebouët](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaëtan_de_Rochebouët)
 * [Dufaure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure)
 * [Waddington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waddington)
 * [Freycinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet)
 * [Ferry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry)
 * [Gambetta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Gambetta)
 * [Freycinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet)
 * [Duclerc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc)
 * [Fallières](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Fallières)
 * [Ferry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry)
 * [Brisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson)
 * [Freycinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet)
 * [Goblet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Goblet)
 * [Rouvier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier)
 * [Floquet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Floquet)
 * [Tirard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard)
 * [Freycinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet)
 * [Loubet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Loubet)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot)
 * [Dupuy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy)
 * [Casimir-Perier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier)
 * [Dupuy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot)
 * [Bourgeois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bourgeois)
 * [Méline](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Méline)
 * [Brisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson)
 * [Dupuy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupuy)
 * [Waldeck-Rousseau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Waldeck-Rousseau)
 * [Combes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Combes)
 * [Rouvier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier)
 * [Sarrien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien)
 * [Clemenceau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Monis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Monis)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Barthou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou)
 * [Doumergue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot)
 * [Viviani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Viviani)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot)
 * [Painlevé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlevé)
 * [Clemenceau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau)
 * [Millerand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand)
 * [Leygues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré)
 * [François-Marsal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_François-Marsal)
 * [Herriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Herriot)
 * [Painlevé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlevé)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Herriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Herriot)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Tardieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Tardieu)
 * [Chautemps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps)
 * [Tardieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Tardieu)
 * [Steeg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodore_Steeg)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)
 * [Tardieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Tardieu)
 * [Herriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Herriot)
 * [Paul-Boncour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour)
 * [Daladier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Daladier)
 * [Sarraut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut)
 * [Chautemps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps)
 * [Daladier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Daladier)
 * [Doumergue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue)
 * [Flandin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Étienne_Flandin)
 * [Bouisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernand_Bouisson)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)
 * [Sarraut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sarraut)
 * [Blum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Blum)
 * [Chautemps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps)
 * [Blum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Blum)
 * [Daladier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Daladier)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud)
 * [Pétain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Pétain)

 | 
| [Vichy France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France) |

 * [Pétain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Pétain)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)
 * [Flandin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Étienne_Flandin)
 * [Darlan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Darlan)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)

 | 
| [Provisional
Government
 |

 * [De Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle)
 * [Gouin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Gouin)
 * [Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)
 * [Blum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Blum)

 | 
| [Fourth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic) |

 * [Ramadier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier)
 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)
 * [Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Marie)
 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)
 * [Queuille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille)
 * [Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)
 * [Queuille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille)
 * [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Pleven)
 * [Queuille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille)
 * [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Pleven)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure)
 * [Pinay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay)
 * [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Mayer)
 * [Laniel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Laniel)
 * [Mendès France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mendès_France)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure)
 * [Mollet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Mollet)
 * [Bourgès-Maunoury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bourgès-Maunoury)
 * [Gaillard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Gaillard)
 * [Pflimlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin)
 * [De Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle)

 | 
| [Fifth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic) |

 * [De Gaulle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle)
 * [Debré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debré)
 * [Pompidou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pompidou)
 * [Couve de Murville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville)
 * [Chaban-Delmas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chaban-Delmas)
 * [Messmer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Messmer)
 * [Chirac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac)
 * [Barre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Barre)
 * [Mauroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mauroy)
 * [Fabius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius)
 * [Chirac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac)
 * [Rocard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Rocard)
 * [Cresson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édith_Cresson)
 * [Bérégovoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bérégovoy)
 * [Balladur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Balladur)
 * [Juppé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Juppé)
 * [Jospin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Jospin)
 * [Raffarin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Raffarin)
 * [Villepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin)
 * [Fillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Fillon)
 * [Ayrault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault)
 * [Valls](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Valls)
 * [Cazeneuve](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Cazeneuve)
 * [Philippe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Philippe)
 * [Castex](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Castex)
 * [Borne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Borne)
 * [Attal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Attal)
 * [Barnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier)
 * [Bayrou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Bayrou)
 * [Lecornu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sébastien_Lecornu)

 | 
| Related |

 * [Chief minister of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_minister_of_France) (pre-Revolution)
 * [Deputy Prime Minister](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_France) (defunct)

 |

|

[Foreign ministers of France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France))

 | 
| [Ancien Régime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_Régime) |

 * [Revol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Revol)
 * [Villeroy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Neufville,_seigneur_de_Villeroy)
 * [A. J. Richelieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu)
 * [Sillery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Brûlart,_marquis_de_Sillery)
 * [R. Phélypeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Phélypeaux)
 * [Bouthillier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier)
 * [Chavigny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bouthillier,_comte_de_Chavigny)
 * [Brienne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Auguste_de_Loménie,_comte_de_Brienne)
 * [Lionne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues_de_Lionne)
 * [Pomponne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Arnauld,_Marquis_de_Pomponne)
 * [Croissy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colbert,_marquis_de_Croissy)
 * [Torcy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Colbert,_Marquis_of_Torcy)
 * [Huxelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Chalon_du_Blé)
 * [Dubois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Dubois)
 * [Morville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jean-Baptiste_Fleuriau)
 * [Chauvelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germain_Louis_Chauvelin)
 * [Chaillou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Amelot_de_Chaillou)
 * [Noailles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles,_3rd_Duke_of_Noailles)
 * [Argenson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Louis_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy,_Marquis_of_Argenson)
 * [Puisieulx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philogène_Brûlart,_vicomte_de_Puisieulx)
 * [Saint-Contest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Dominique_de_Barberie_de_Saint-Contest)
 * [Rouillé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Louis_Rouillé)
 * [Bernis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François-Joachim_de_Pierre_de_Bernis)
 * [É. Choiseul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_François_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul)
 * [C. Choiseul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/César_Gabriel_de_Choiseul)
 * [É. Choiseul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_François_de_Choiseul,_Duke_of_Choiseul)
 * [L. Phélypeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Phélypeaux,_comte_de_Saint-Florentin)
 * [Aiguillon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Armand_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duke_of_Aiguillon)
 * [Bertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bertin)
 * [Vergennes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes)
 * [Montmorin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin)
 * [Vauguyon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_François_de_Quélen_de_Stuer_de_Caussade,_2nd_Duke_of_La_Vauguyon)
 * [Montmorin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Marc,_comte_de_Montmorin)
 * [Lessart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart)
 * [Dumouriez](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_François_Dumouriez)
 * [Naillac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_de_Méredieu,_baron_de_Naillac)
 * [Chambonas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Scipion_Charles_Auguste_de_La_Garde_de_Chambonas)
 * [Dubouchage](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Joseph_de_Gratet,_vicomte_Dubouchage)
 * [Sainte-Croix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bigot_de_Sainte-Croix)

 | 
| [First Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic) |

 * [Lebrun-Tondu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Henri_Hélène_Marie_Lebrun-Tondu)
 * [Deforgues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Louis_Michel_Chemin_Deforgues)
 * [Goujon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Claude_Alexandre_Goujon)
 * [Herman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_Herman)
 * [Delacroix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-François_Delacroix)
 * [Talleyrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord)
 * [Reinhard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Frédéric_Reinhard)
 * [Talleyrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord)

 | 
| [First Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire) |

 * [Talleyrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord)
 * [Champagny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Nompère_de_Champagny)
 * [Bassano](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano)
 * [Caulaincourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt)

 | 
| [First Restoration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France) |

 * [Laforest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_de_Laforêt)
 * [Talleyrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord)

 | 
| [Hundred Days](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days) |

 * [Caulaincourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Augustin-Louis_de_Caulaincourt)
 * [Bignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Édouard,_Baron_Bignon)

 | 
| [Second Restoration](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France) |

 * [Talleyrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-Périgord)
 * [A. E. Richelieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_Duc_de_Richelieu)
 * [Dessolles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Joseph,_Marquis_Dessolles)
 * [Pasquier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne-Denis_Pasquier)
 * [M. Montmorency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathieu_de_Montmorency)
 * [Chateaubriand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François-René_de_Chateaubriand)
 * [Damas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ange_Hyacinthe_Maxence,_baron_de_Damas)
 * [La Ferronays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste,_comte_de_La_Ferronays)
 * [Montmorency-Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne-Adrien-Pierre_de_Montmorency-Laval)
 * [Portalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis)
 * [Polignac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac)
 * [Mortemart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_de_Rochechouart,_11th_Duke_of_Mortemart)

 | 
| [July Monarchy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy) |

 * [Bignon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pierre_Édouard,_Baron_Bignon)
 * [Jourdan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan)
 * [Molé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Molé)
 * [Maison](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Joseph_Maison)
 * [Sébastiani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_François_Bastien_Sébastiani_de_La_Porta)
 * [V. Broglie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785–1870))
 * [Rigny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny)
 * [Bresson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph,_comte_Bresson)
 * [Rigny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Rigny)
 * [V. Broglie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785–1870))
 * [Thiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers)
 * [Molé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Molé)
 * [Montebello](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Napoléon_Lannes)
 * [Soult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult)
 * [Thiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers)
 * [Guizot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Guizot)

 | 
| [Second Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic) |

 * [Lamartine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine)
 * [Bastide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastide)
 * [Bedeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau)
 * [Bastide](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastide)
 * [Drouyn de Lhuys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys)
 * [Tocqueville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville)
 * [Rayneval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphonse_de_Rayneval)
 * [La Hitte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Ernest_Ducos_de_La_Hitte)
 * [Drouyn de Lhuys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys)
 * [Brénier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole,_baron_Brénier_de_Renaudière)
 * [Baroche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche)
 * [Turgot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Félix_Étienne,_marquis_de_Turgot)
 * [Drouyn de Lhuys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys)

 | 
| [Second Empire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire) |

 * [Drouyn de Lhuys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys)
 * [Walewski](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski)
 * [Baroche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche)
 * [Thouvenel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Thouvenel)
 * [Drouyn de Lhuys](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys)
 * [La Valette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette)
 * [Moustier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier)
 * [La Valette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette)
 * [La Tour Auvergne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d'Auvergne)
 * [Daru](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoléon,_comte_Daru)
 * [Ollivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Ollivier)
 * [Gramont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenor,_duc_de_Gramont)
 * [La Tour d'Auvergne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri,_prince_de_La_Tour_d'Auvergne)

 | 
| [Third Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic) |

 * [Favre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Favre)
 * [Rémusat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Rémusat)
 * [A. Broglie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie)
 * [Decazes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_duc_Decazes)
 * [Banneville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston-Robert,_Marquis_de_Banneville)
 * [Waddington](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Waddington)
 * [Freycinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet)
 * [Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire)
 * [Gambetta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Gambetta)
 * [Freycinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet)
 * [Duclerc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc)
 * [Fallières](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Fallières)
 * [Challemel-Lacour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Armand_Challemel-Lacour)
 * [Ferry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Ferry)
 * [Freycinet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Freycinet)
 * [Flourens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Flourens)
 * [Goblet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Goblet)
 * [Spuller](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Spuller)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot)
 * [Develle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Develle)
 * [Casimir-Perier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Casimir-Perier)
 * [Hanotaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux)
 * [Berthelot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot)
 * [Bourgeois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bourgeois)
 * [Hanotaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Hanotaux)
 * [Delcassé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théophile_Delcassé)
 * [Rouvier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier)
 * [Bourgeois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bourgeois)
 * [Pichon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Pichon)
 * [Cruppi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cruppi)
 * [Selves](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_de_Selves)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré)
 * [Jonnart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jonnart)
 * [Pichon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Pichon)
 * [Doumergue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue)
 * [Bourgeois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bourgeois)
 * [Viviani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Viviani)
 * [Doumergue](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Doumergue)
 * [Delcassé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théophile_Delcassé)
 * [Viviani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Viviani)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot)
 * [Barthou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou)
 * [Pichon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Pichon)
 * [Millerand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Millerand)
 * [Leygues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Leygues)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré)
 * [Lefebvre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey)
 * [Herriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Herriot)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Herriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Herriot)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)
 * [Tardieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Tardieu)
 * [Herriot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Herriot)
 * [Paul-Boncour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour)
 * [Daladier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Daladier)
 * [Barthou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)
 * [Flandin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Étienne_Flandin)
 * [Delbos](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvon_Delbos)
 * [Paul-Boncour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Paul-Boncour)
 * [Bonnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet)
 * [Daladier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Daladier)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud)
 * [Daladier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Daladier)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud)
 * [Baudouin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baudouin)

 | 
| [Vichy France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France) |

 * [Baudouin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Baudouin)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)
 * [Flandin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Étienne_Flandin)
 * [Darlan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Darlan)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)

 | 
| [Provisional
Government
 |

 * [Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)
 * [Blum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Blum)

 | 
| [Fourth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic) |

 * [Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)
 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)
 * [Bidault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bidault)
 * [Mendès France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mendès_France)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure)
 * [Pinay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay)
 * [Pineau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Pineau)
 * [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Pleven)
 * [Couve de Murville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville)

 | 
| [Fifth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic) |

 * [Couve de Murville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville)
 * [Debré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debré)
 * [Schumann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Schumann)
 * [Bettencourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Bettencourt)
 * [Jobert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Jobert)
 * [Sauvagnargues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sauvagnargues)
 * [Guiringaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Guiringaud)
 * [François-Poncet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_François-Poncet)
 * [Cheysson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cheysson)
 * [Dumas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dumas)
 * [Raimond](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Bernard_Raimond)
 * [Dumas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Dumas)
 * [Juppé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Juppé)
 * [Charette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervé_de_Charette)
 * [Védrine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Védrine)
 * [Villepin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin)
 * [Barnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Barnier)
 * [Douste-Blazy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy)
 * [Kouchner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Kouchner)
 * [Alliot-Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michèle_Alliot-Marie)
 * [Juppé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Juppé)
 * [Fabius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius)
 * [Ayrault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marc_Ayrault)
 * [Le Drian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Drian)
 * [Colonna](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Colonna)
 * [Séjourné](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stéphane_Séjourné)
 * [Barrot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Noël_Barrot)

 |

|

[Finance ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_finance_ministers_of_France) of [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) since 1518

 | 
|

 * [Superintendent of Finances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_of_Finances) (1561–1661)
 * [Controller-General of Finances](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller-General_of_Finances) (1661–1791)

 | 
| [House of Valois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois)
(1518–1589) |

 * [de Beaune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Beaune) (1518–1524)
 * [Babou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_Babou) (1524–1544)
 * [du Thiers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_du_Thiers) (1544–1546)
 * [d'Annebault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_d'Annebault) (1546–1552)
 * [Guillart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Guillart?action=edit&redlink=1) (1552–1556)
 * [d'Avançon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_d'Avançon?action=edit&redlink=1) (1556–1559)
 * [de Lorraine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_of_Lorraine) (1559–1560)
 * [de Cossé-Brissac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artus_de_Cossé-Brissac)/[d'Ongnyes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_d'Ongnyes?action=edit&redlink=1) (1561–1567)
 * [de Birague](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_de_Birague) (1568–1570)
 * [de Bellièvre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomponne_de_Bellièvre) (1574–1588)
 * [d'O](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_d'O) (1588–1589)

 | 
| [House of Bourbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon)
(1589–1792) |

 * [d'O](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_d'O) (1589–1594)
 * [de Béthune](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilien_de_Béthune,_Duke_of_Sully) (1598–1611)
 * [Jeannin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jeannin) (1614–1619)
 * [de Schomberg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_de_Schomberg) (1619–1622)
 * [de La Vieuville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville) (1623–1624)
 * [de Champigny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bochart_de_Champigny)/[de Marillac](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_de_Marillac) (1624–1626)
 * [de Ruzé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Coëffier_de_Ruzé) (1626–1632)
 * [de Bullion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Bullion)/[Bouthillier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier) (1632–1640)
 * [Bouthillier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Bouthillier) (1640–1643)
 * [de Bailleul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_de_Bailleul?action=edit&redlink=1)/[de Mesmes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes,_comte_d'Avaux) (1643–1647)
 * [d'Émery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d'Émery) (1647–1648)
 * [de La Porte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_La_Porte) (1648–1649)
 * [d'Émery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Particelli_d'Émery)/[de Mesmes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Mesmes) (1649–1650)
 * [de Longueil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_de_Longueil) (1650–1651)
 * [de La Vieuville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_La_Vieuville) (1651–1653)
 * [Servien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Servien)/[Fouquet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet) (1653–1659)
 * [Fouquet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Fouquet) (1659–1661)
 * [Colbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Colbert) (1661–1683)
 * [Le Pelletier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Le_Pelletier?action=edit&redlink=1) (1683–1689)
 * [Phélypeaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Phélypeaux,_comte_de_Pontchartrain) (1689–1699)
 * [Chamillart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Chamillart) (1699–1708)
 * [Desmarets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Desmarets) (1708–1715)
 * [de Noailles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Maurice_de_Noailles,_3rd_Duke_of_Noailles) (1715–1718)
 * [de Caumont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Jacques_Nompar_de_Caumont,_duc_de_La_Force) (1718–January 1720)
 * [de Voyer de Paulmy d'Argenson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc-René_de_Voyer_de_Paulmy_d'Argenson_(1652–1721)) (1718–January 1720)
 * [Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Law_(economist)) (January–May 1720)
 * [des Forts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts?action=edit&redlink=1) (May–December 1720)
 * [de La Houssaye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Le_Pelletier_de_La_Houssaye) (December 1720–1722)
 * [Dodun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gaspard_Dodun?action=edit&redlink=1) (1722–1726)
 * [des Forts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Robert_Le_Peletier_des_Forts?action=edit&redlink=1) (1726–1730)
 * [Orry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philibert_Orry) (1730–1745)
 * [d'Arnouville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Machault_d'Arnouville) (1745–1754)
 * [de Séchelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Moreau_de_Séchelles) (1754–1756)
 * [de Moras](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Marie_Peyrenc_de_Moras) (1756–1757)
 * [de Boullonges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Boullonges) (1757–1759)
 * [de Silhouette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_de_Silhouette) (1759)
 * [Bertin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Léonard_Jean_Baptiste_Bertin) (1759–1763)
 * [de Laverdy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clément_Charles_François_de_Laverdy) (1763–1768)
 * [d'Invault](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Maynon_d'Invault) (1768–1769)
 * [Terray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Terray) (1769–1774)
 * [Turgot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot) (1774–1776)
 * [de Clugny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Étienne_Bernard_Ogier_de_Clugny?action=edit&redlink=1) (1776)
 * [des Réaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Taboureau_des_Réaux?action=edit&redlink=1) (1776–1777)
 * [Necker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker) (1777–1781)
 * [de Fleury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-François_Joly_de_Fleury) (1781–1783)
 * [d'Ormesson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Lefèvre_d'Ormesson) (1783)
 * [de Calonne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne) (1783–1787)
 * [de Fourqueux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Bouvard_de_Fourqueux?action=edit&redlink=1) (1787)
 * [de Brienne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Charles_de_Loménie_de_Brienne) (1787–1788)
 * [Necker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker) (1788–1789)
 * [de Breteuil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil) (1789)
 * [Necker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Necker) (1789–1790)
 * [Lambert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Guillaume_Lambert) (1790)
 * [de Lessart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Antoine_de_Valdec_de_Lessart) (1790–1791)
 * [Tarbé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Hardouin_Tarbé) (1791–March 1792)
 * [Clavière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Clavière) (March–13 June 1792)
 * [Duranthon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Duranthon) (13 June–18 June 1792)
 * [de Beaulieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Émile_François_Hervé_de_Beaulieu?action=edit&redlink=1) (18 June–29 July 1792)
 * [Delaville-Leroulx](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Delaville-Leroulx?action=edit&redlink=1) (29 July–10 August 1792)
 * [Clavière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Clavière) (10 August–21 September 1792)

 | 
| [First Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_First_Republic)
(1792–1804) |

 * [Clavière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Clavière) (21 September 1792–1793)
 * [Destournelles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Grégoire_Deschamps_Destournelles) (1793–1794)
 * _Vacant_ (1794–1795)
 * [Faipoult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Charles_Faipoult) (1795–1796)
 * [Ramel-Nogaret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique-Vincent_Ramel-Nogaret) (1796–July 1799)
 * [Lindet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet) (July–November 1799)
 * [Gaudin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin) (1799–1804)

 | 
| [House of Bonaparte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire)
(1804–1814) |

 * [Gaudin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin) (1804–1814)

 | 
| [House of Bourbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France)
(1814–1815) |

 * [Dominique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis) (1814–1815)

 | 
| [House of Bonaparte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_Days)
(1815) |

 * [Gaudin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-Michel-Charles_Gaudin) (March–July 1815)

 | 
| [House of Bourbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France)
(1815–1830) |

 * [Dominique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis) (July–September 1815)
 * [Corvetto](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Emmanuel_Corvetto) (September 1815–December 1818)
 * [Roy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Roy) (7 December–29 December 1818)
 * [Dominique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis) (December 29, 1818–November 1819)
 * [Roy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Roy) (1819–1821)
 * [de Villèle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_Villèle) (1821–1828)
 * [Roy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Roy) (1828–1829)
 * [de Crouzol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_de_Chabrol_de_Crouzol) (1829–May 1830)
 * [de Montbel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume-Isidore_Baron_de_Montbel) (May–July 1830)
 * [Dominique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis) (July–August 1830)

 | 
| [House of Orléans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_Monarchy)
(1830–1848) |

 * [Dominique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis) (August–November 1830)
 * [Laffitte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte) (1830–1831)
 * [Dominique](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dominique,_baron_Louis) (1831–1832)
 * [Humann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Humann) (1832–10 November 1834)
 * [Passy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy) (10 November–18 November 1834)
 * [Humann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Humann) (18 November 1834–1836)
 * [d'Argout](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Maurice_Apollinaire_d'Argout) (January–September 1836)
 * [Duchâtel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanneguy_Duchâtel) (1836–1837)
 * [Lacave-Laplagne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne) (1837–March 1839)
 * [Gautier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Élie_Gautier) (March–May 1839)
 * [Passy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy) (May 1839–March 1840)
 * [de la Lozère](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pelet_de_la_Lozère) (March 1840–October 1840)
 * [Humann](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Humann) (October 1840–1842)
 * [Lacave-Laplagne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lacave-Laplagne) (1842–1847)
 * [Dumon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Sylvain_Dumon) (1847–February 1848)

 | 
| [Second Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Second_Republic)
(1848–1852) |

 * [Goudchaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux) (February–March 1848)
 * [Garnier-Pagès](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pagès) (March–May 1848)
 * [Duclerc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Duclerc) (May–June 1848)
 * [Goudchaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux) (June–October 1848)
 * [Trouvé-Chauvel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariste_Jacques_Trouvé-Chauvel) (October–December 1848)
 * [Passy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Passy) (December 1848–October 1849)
 * [Fould](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould) (October 1849–January 1851)
 * [de Germiny](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Le_Bègue_de_Germiny) (January–April 1851)
 * [Fould](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould) (April–October 1851)
 * [Blondel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Blondel) (October–November 1851)
 * [de Casabianca](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François-Xavier_Joseph_de_Casabianca) (November–December 1851)
 * [Fould](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould) (December 1851–January 1852)

 | 
| [House of Bonaparte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire)
(1852–1870) |

 * [Bineau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau) (January 1852–1855)
 * [Magne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne) (1855–1860)
 * [La Roquette](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette) (1860–1861)
 * [Fould](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould) (1861–1867)
 * [Rouher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Rouher) (January–November 1867)
 * [Magne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne) (1867–January 1870)
 * [Buffet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet) (January–April 1870)
 * [Segris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Alexis_Segris?action=edit&redlink=1) (April–August 1870)
 * [Magne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne) (August–September 1870)

 | 
| [Third Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic)
(1870–1940) |

 * [Picard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Picard) (September 1870–19 February 1871)
 * [Buffet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Buffet) (19 February–25 February 1871)
 * [Pouyer-Quertier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin_Pouyer-Quertier) (1871–1872)
 * [de Goulard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_de_Goulard?action=edit&redlink=1) (April–December 1872)
 * [Say](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Say) (December 1872–1873)
 * [Magne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne) (1873–1874)
 * [Mathieu-Bodet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mathieu-Bodet?action=edit&redlink=1) (1874–1875)
 * [Say](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Say) (1875–May 1877)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Caillaux) (May 1877–November 1877)
 * [Dutilleul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Dutilleul?action=edit&redlink=1) (November–December 1877)
 * [Say](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Say) (1877–1879)
 * [Magnin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magnin) (1879–1881)
 * [Allain-Targé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Allain-Targé) (1881–1882)
 * [Say](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Say) (January–August 1882)
 * [Tirard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard) (August 1882–6 April 1885)
 * [Clamageran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Clamageran) (6 April–16 April 1885)
 * [Carnot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_François_Sadi_Carnot) (16 April 1885–December 1886)
 * [Dauphin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dauphin) (December 1886–May 1887)
 * [Rouvier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier) (May–December 1887)
 * [Tirard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard) (December 1887–April 1888)
 * [Peytral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Peytral) (April 1888–1889)
 * [Rouvier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier) (1889–1892)
 * [Tirard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Tirard) (1892–April 1893)
 * [Peytral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Peytral) (April–December 1893)
 * [Burdeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Burdeau) (December 1893–May 1894)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré) (May 1894–January 1895)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot) (January–November 1895)
 * [Doumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doumer) (November 1895–1896)
 * [Cochery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cochery) (1896–1898)
 * [Peytral](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Peytral) (1898–1899)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux) (1899–1902)
 * [Rouvier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Rouvier) (1902–1905)
 * [Merlou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Merlou?action=edit&redlink=1) (1905–March 1906)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré) (March–October 1906)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux) (October 1906–1909)
 * [Cochery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Cochery) (1909–1910)
 * [Klotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz) (1910–March 1911)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux) (March–June 1911)
 * [Klotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Lucien_Klotz) (June 1911–March 1913)
 * [Dumont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)) (March–December 1913)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux) (December 1913–March 1914)
 * [Renoult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Renoult) (March–June 1914)
 * [Clémentel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Clémentel) (9 June–13 June 1914)
 * [Noullens](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Noullens) (June–August 1914)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot) (August 1914–1917)
 * [Thierry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Thierry) (March–September 1917)
 * [Klotz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Lucien_Klotz) (1917–1920)
 * [François-Marsal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_François-Marsal) (1920–1921)
 * [Doumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doumer) (1921–1922)
 * [de Lasteyrie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Lasteyrie) (1922–1924)
 * [François-Marsal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédéric_François-Marsal) (March–June 1924)
 * [Clementel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_Clementel) (June 1924–3 April 1925)
 * [de Monzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie) (3 April–17 April 1925)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux) (April–October 1925)
 * [Painlevé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Painlevé) (October–November 1925)
 * [Loucheur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Loucheur) (November–December 1925)
 * [Doumer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Doumer) (December 1925–March 1926)
 * [Péret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Péret) (March–June 1926)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux) (June–July 1926)
 * [de Monzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie) (19 July–23 July 1926)
 * [Poincaré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Poincaré) (July 1926–1928)
 * [Chéron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chéron) (1928–February 1930)
 * [Dumont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dumont_(politician)) (February–March 1930)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud) (March–December 1930)
 * [Germain-Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin) (December 1930–January 1931)
 * [Flandin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Étienne_Flandin) (January 1931–1932)
 * [Germain-Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin) (June–December 1932)
 * [Chéron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chéron) (December 1932–January 1933)
 * [Bonnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet) (January 1933–January 1934)
 * [Piétri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Piétri) (January–February 1934)
 * [Marchandeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau) (4 February–9 February 1934)
 * [Germain-Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Germain-Martin) (February 1934–June 1935)
 * [Caillaux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Caillaux) (1 June–7 June 1935)
 * [Régnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Régnier?action=edit&redlink=1) (June 1935–1936)
 * [Auriol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Auriol) (1936–1937)
 * [Bonnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet) (1937–January 1938)
 * [Marchandeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau) (January–March 1938)
 * [Blum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Blum) (March–April 1938)
 * [Marchandeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau) (April–November 1938)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud) (November 1938–March 1940)
 * [Lamoureux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Lamoureux_(France)) (March–June 1940)

 | 
| [Vichy France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France)
(1940–1944) |

 * [Bouthillier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Bouthillier) (1940–1942)
 * [Cathala](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cathala) (1942–1944)

 | 
| [Free France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France)
(1941–1944) |

 * [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Pleven) (1941–1942)
 * [Diethelm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Diethelm) (1942–June 1943)
 * [Couve de Murville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville) (June–November 1943)
 * [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mendès_France) (November 1943–September 1944)

 | 
| [Provisional Government](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic)
(1944–1946) |

 * [Lepercq](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aimé_Lepercq) (September–November 1944)
 * [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Pleven) (November 1944–January 1946)
 * [Philip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Philip) (January–June 1946)
 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman) (June–October 1946)

 | 
| [Fourth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic)
(1946–1958) |

 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman) (October–December 1946)
 * [Philip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Philip) (December 1946–January 1947)
 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman) (January–November 1947)
 * [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Mayer) (November 1947–July 1948)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud) (July–September 1948)
 * [Pineau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Pineau) (5 September–11 September 1948)
 * [Queuille](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Queuille) (September 1948–January 1949)
 * [Petsche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Petsche?action=edit&redlink=1) (1949–1951)
 * [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Mayer) (1951–January 1952)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure) (January–March 1952)
 * [Pinay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay) (March 1952–January 1953)
 * [Bourgès-Maunoury](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Bourgès-Maunoury) (January–June 1953)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure) (1953–1955)
 * [Buron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Buron) (January–February 1955)
 * [Pflimlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin) (February 1955–February 1956)
 * [Lacoste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lacoste) (1 February–14 February 1956)
 * [Ramadier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier) (February 1956–June 1957)
 * [Gaillard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Gaillard) (June–November 1957)
 * [Pflimlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin) (November 1957–May 1958)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure) (May–June 1958)
 * [Pinay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay) (June–October 1958)

 | 
| [Fifth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic)
(1958–present) |

 * [Pinay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Pinay) (October 1958–1960)
 * [Baumgartner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Baumgartner?action=edit&redlink=1) (1960–1962)
 * [Giscard d'Estaing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valéry_Giscard_d'Estaing) (1962–1966)
 * [Debré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debré) (1966–May 1968)
 * [Couve de Murville](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Couve_de_Murville) (May–July 1968)
 * [Ortoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François-Xavier_Ortoli) (July 1968–June 1969)
 * [Giscard d'Estaing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valéry_Giscard_d'Estaing) (1969–1974)
 * [Fourcade](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Fourcade) (1974–1976)
 * [Barre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Barre) (1976–1978)
 * [Monory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Monory) (1978–1981)
 * [Delors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Delors) (1981–1984)
 * [Bérégovoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bérégovoy) (1984–1986)
 * [Balladur](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Balladur) (1986–1988)
 * [Bérégovoy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bérégovoy) (1988–1992)
 * [Sapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Sapin) (1992–1993)
 * [Alphandéry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Alphandéry) (1993–May 1995)
 * [Madelin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Madelin) (May–August 1995)
 * [Arthuis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Arthuis) (August 1995–1997)
 * [Strauss-Kahn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Strauss-Kahn) (1997–1999)
 * [Sautter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Sautter) (1999–2000)
 * [Fabius](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Fabius) (2000–2002)
 * [Mer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Mer) (2002–2004)
 * [Sarkozy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy) (March–November 2004)
 * [Gaymard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hervé_Gaymard) (November 2004–2005)
 * [Breton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Breton) (2005–May 2007)
 * [Borloo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Borloo) (May–June 2007)
 * [Lagarde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Lagarde) (June 2007–2011)
 * [Baroin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Baroin) (2011–2012)
 * [Moscovici](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Moscovici) (2012–2014)
 * [Sapin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Sapin) (2014–2017)
 * [Le Maire](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Le_Maire) (2017–2024)
 * [Armand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Armand) (2024)
 * [Lombard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éric_Lombard) (2024–2025)
 * [Lescure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Lescure) (2025–present)

 |

|

[Justice ministers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(France)) of [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France) since 1790

 | 
| Until the
[Government ofNational Defense |

 * [Duport-Dutertre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite-Louis-François_Duport-Dutertre?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [de la Platière](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Platière)
 * [Duranton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Duranton)
 * [de Joly](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne_de_Joly)
 * [Danton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Danton)
 * [Garat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Joseph_Garat)
 * [Gohier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Jérôme_Gohier)
 * [de Douai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai)
 * [Génissieu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Victor_Génissieu)
 * [de Douai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai)
 * [Lambrechts](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Mathieu_Lambrechts)
 * [de Cambacérès](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques-Régis_de_Cambacérès)
 * [Abrial](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Joseph_Abrial)
 * [Régnier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Ambroise_Régnier)
 * [Molé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Molé)
 * [de Pansey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Nicolas_Henrion_de_Pansey)
 * [Dambray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dambray)
 * [de Cambacérès](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques-Régis_de_Cambacérès)
 * [de la Meurthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Boulay_de_la_Meurthe?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Pasquier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne-Denis_Pasquier)
 * [Barbé-Marbois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Barbé-Marbois)
 * [Dambray](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dambray)
 * [Pasquier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Étienne-Denis_Pasquier)
 * [de Serre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercule_de_Serre)
 * [de Peyronnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Denis,_Comte_de_Peyronnet)
 * [Portalis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Marie,_comte_Portalis)
 * [Bourdeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Bourdeau?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [de Courvoisier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Antoine_de_Courvoisier)
 * [de Chantelauze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Chantelauze)
 * [de l'Eure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l'Eure)
 * [Mérilhou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mérilhou)
 * [Barthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Barthe)
 * [Persil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Charles_Persil)
 * [Sauzet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Jean_Pierre_Sauzet)
 * [Persil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Charles_Persil)
 * [Barthe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Barthe)
 * [de l'Ain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amédée_Girod_de_l'Ain)
 * [Teste](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Teste)
 * [Vivien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre-François_Vivien)
 * [du Nord](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Martin_du_Nord)
 * [Hébert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Hébert)
 * [Crémieux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Crémieux)
 * [Bethmont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Bethmont)
 * [de Saint-Georges](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Marie_de_Saint-Georges)
 * [Rouher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Rouher)
 * [Corbin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Corbin)
 * [Daviel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Daviel)
 * [Rouher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Rouher)
 * [Abbatucci](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(politician))
 * [de Royer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_de_Royer)
 * [Delangle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Alphonse_Delangle)
 * [Baroche](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche)
 * [Duvergier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Duvergier)
 * [Ollivier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Ollivier)
 * [Grandperret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Grandperret?action=edit&redlink=1)

 | 
| [Third Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic) |

 * [Crémieux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Crémieux)
 * [Dufaure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure)
 * [Ernoul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Ernoul?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Depeyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octave_Depeyre?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Tailhand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrien_Tailhand)
 * [Dufaure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure)
 * [Martel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Martel?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [de Broglie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Broglie,_4th_Duke_of_Broglie)
 * [Le Pelletier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Le_Pelletier?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Dufaure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Armand_Dufaure)
 * [Le Royer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Le_Royer)
 * [Cazot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Cazot)
 * [Humbert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Humbert?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Devès](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Devès)
 * [Martin-Feuillée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Félix_Martin-Feuillée)
 * [Brisson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Brisson)
 * [Demôle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Demôle)
 * [Sarrien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien)
 * [Mazeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mazeau?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Fallières](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Fallières)
 * [Ferrouillat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ferrouillat?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Dessaigne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_François_Edmond_Guyot_Dessaigne?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Thévenet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Thévenet?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Fallières](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Fallières)
 * [Ricard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ricard)
 * [Bourgeois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bourgeois)
 * [Develle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Develle)
 * [Bourgeois](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bourgeois)
 * [Guérin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Guérin)
 * [Dubost](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Dubost)
 * [Guérin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Guérin)
 * [Trarieux](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic_Trarieux)
 * [Ricard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Ricard)
 * [Darlan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Darlan)
 * [Milliard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Milliard)
 * [Sarrien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien)
 * [Lebret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Lebret)
 * [Monis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Monis)
 * [Vallé](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Vallé)
 * [Chaumié](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Chaumié)
 * [Sarrien](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Sarrien)
 * [Dessaigne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_François_Edmond_Guyot_Dessaigne?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Barthou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou)
 * [Girard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodore_Girard?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Perrier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Perrier?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Cruppi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Cruppi)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Barthou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou)
 * [Ratier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Ratier?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Bienvenu-Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bienvenu-Martin)
 * [Ribot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Ribot)
 * [Bienvenu-Martin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bienvenu-Martin?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Briand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristide_Briand)
 * [Viviani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Viviani)
 * [Péret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Péret)
 * [Nail](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Nail)
 * [Lhopiteau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Lhopiteau)
 * [Bonnevay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurent_Bonnevay)
 * [Barthou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou)
 * [Colrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Colrat)
 * [du Prey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Lefebvre_du_Prey)
 * [Ratier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Ratier?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Renoult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Renoult)
 * [Steeg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodore_Steeg)
 * [de Monzie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatole_de_Monzie)
 * [Chautemps](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Chautemps)
 * [Renoult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Renoult)
 * [Laval](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Laval)
 * [Colrat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Colrat)
 * [Barthou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Barthou)
 * [Hubert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Hubert?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Steeg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Théodore_Steeg)
 * [Péret](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoul_Péret)
 * [Chéron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chéron)
 * [Bérard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bérard)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud)
 * [Renoult](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Renoult)
 * [Gardey](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Gardey)
 * [Penancier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Penancier)
 * [Dalimier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Dalimier)
 * [Raynaldy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Raynaldy)
 * [Penancier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugène_Penancier)
 * [Chéron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Chéron)
 * [Lémery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lémery)
 * [Pernot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Pernot)
 * [Bérard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Bérard)
 * [Rucart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Rucart)
 * [Auriol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Auriol)
 * [Campinchi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/César_Campinchi)
 * [Rucart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Rucart)
 * [Reynaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynaud)
 * [Marchandeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Marchandeau)
 * [Bonnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bonnet)
 * [Sérol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sérol?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Frémicourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frémicourt?action=edit&redlink=1)

 | 
| [World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II) |

| [Vichy France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vichy_France) |

 * [Alibert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphaël_Alibert)
 * [Barthélemy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Barthélemy)
 * [Gabolde](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Gabolde)

 | 
| [Free France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_France) |

 * [Cassin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Cassin)
 * [Abadie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Abadie)
 * [de Menthon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_de_Menthon)

 |

 | 
| [Provisional Government of
the French Republic
 |

 * [de Menthon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_de_Menthon)
 * [Teitgen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Teitgen)
 * [Ramadier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ramadier)

 | 
| [Fourth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic) |

 * [Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Marie)
 * [Lecourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lecourt)
 * [Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André_Marie)
 * [Lecourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lecourt)
 * [Mayer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Mayer)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Faure)
 * [Martinaud-Déplat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Léon_Martinaud-Déplat)
 * [Ribeyre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ribeyre)
 * [Hugues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Hugues)
 * [De Beaumont](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Michel_Guérin_du_Bosq_de_Beaumont?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Temple](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Temple?action=edit&redlink=1)
 * [Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)
 * [Mitterrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Mitterrand)
 * [Corniglion-Molinier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Édouard_Corniglion-Molinier)
 * [Lecourt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lecourt)

 | 
| [Fifth Republic](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic) |

 * [Debré](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Debré)
 * [Michelet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Michelet)
 * [Chenot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Chenot)
 * [Foyer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Foyer)
 * [Joxe](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Joxe)
 * [Capitant](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Capitant)
 * [Jeanneney](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marcel_Jeanneney)
 * [Pleven](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Pleven)
 * [Taittinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Taittinger)
 * [Lecanuet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Lecanuet)
 * [Guichard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Guichard)
 * [Peyrefitte](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Peyrefitte)
 * [Faure](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Faure)
 * [Badinter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Badinter)
 * [Crépeau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Crépeau)
 * [Chalandon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albin_Chalandon)
 * [Arpaillange](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Arpaillange)
 * [Nallet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Nallet)
 * [Vauzelle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Vauzelle)
 * [Méhaignerie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Méhaignerie)
 * [Toubon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Toubon)
 * [Guigou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Élisabeth_Guigou)
 * [Lebranchu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylise_Lebranchu)
 * [Perben](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Perben)
 * [Clément](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_Clément)
 * [Dati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachida_Dati)
 * [Alliot-Marie](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michèle_Alliot-Marie)
 * [Mercier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Mercier)
 * [Taubira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiane_Taubira)
 * [Urvoas](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Urvoas)
 * [Bayrou](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Bayrou)
 * [Belloubet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Belloubet)
 * [Dupond-Moretti](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Éric_Dupond-Moretti)
 * [Migaud](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didier_Migaud)
 * [Darmanin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gérald_Darmanin)

 |

|

[⌊European Union⌉⌊European Union⌉[ [Presidents](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament) of the [European Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament)

 | 
| Common Assembly: 1952–1958 |

 * [Paul-Henri Spaak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak)
 * [Alcide De Gasperi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi)
 * [Giuseppe Pella](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pella)
 * [Hans Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler)

 | 
| Parliamentary Assembly: 1958–1962 |

 * [Robert Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)
 * [Hans Furler](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Furler)

 | 
| European Parliament (appointed): 1962–1979 |

 * [Gaetano Martino](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetano_Martino)
 * [Jean Duvieusart](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Duvieusart)
 * [Victor Leemans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Leemans)
 * [Alain Poher](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Poher)
 * [Mario Scelba](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Scelba)
 * [Walter Behrendt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Behrendt)
 * [Cornelis Berkhouwer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Berkhouwer)
 * [Georges Spénale](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Spénale)
 * [Emilio Colombo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Colombo)

 | 
| European Parliament (elected): 1979–present |

 * [Simone Veil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Veil)
 * [Piet Dankert](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Dankert)
 * [Pierre Pflimlin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Pflimlin)
 * [Henry Plumb](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Plumb,_Baron_Plumb)
 * [Enrique Barón](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Barón)
 * [Egon Klepsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Klepsch)
 * [Klaus Hänsch](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Hänsch)
 * [José María Gil-Robles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_María_Gil-Robles)
 * [Nicole Fontaine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Fontaine)
 * [Pat Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Cox)
 * [Josep Borrell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Borrell)
 * [Hans-Gert Pöttering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans-Gert_Pöttering)
 * [Jerzy Buzek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek)
 * [Martin Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz)
 * [Antonio Tajani](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Tajani)
 * [David Sassoli](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sassoli)
 * [Roberta Metsola](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Metsola)

 | 
|

 * [Commission President](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Commission)
 * [President of the European Council](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Council)
 * [Council Presidency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union)
 * [President of Parliament](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_European_Parliament)

 |

|

Recipients of the [Charlemagne Prize](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize)

 | 
| 1950–1975 |

 * 1950 [Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi)
 * 1951 [Hendrik Brugmans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans)
 * 1952 [Alcide De Gasperi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi)
 * 1953 [Jean Monnet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Monnet)
 * 1954 [Konrad Adenauer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer)
 * 1955
 * 1956 [Winston Churchill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill)
 * 1957 [Paul-Henri Spaak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak)
 * 1958 [Robert Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)
 * 1959 [George C. Marshall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall)
 * 1960 [Joseph Bech](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bech)
 * 1961 [Walter Hallstein](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Hallstein)
 * 1962
 * 1963 [Edward Heath](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath)
 * 1964 [Antonio Segni](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Segni)
 * 1965
 * 1966 [Jens Otto Krag](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag)
 * 1967 [Joseph Luns](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Luns)
 * 1968
 * 1969 [European Commission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission)
 * 1970 [François Seydoux de Clausonne](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Seydoux_de_Clausonne)
 * 1971
 * 1972 [Roy Jenkins](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Jenkins)
 * 1973 [Salvador de Madariaga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga)
 * 1974
 * 1975

 | 
| 1976–2000 |

 * 1976 [Leo Tindemans](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Tindemans)
 * 1977 [Walter Scheel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Scheel)
 * 1978 [Konstantinos Karamanlis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis)
 * 1979 [Emilio Colombo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Colombo)
 * 1980
 * 1981 [Simone Veil](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Veil)
 * 1982 [King Juan Carlos I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I)
 * 1983
 * 1984
 * 1985
 * 1986 [People of Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg)
 * 1987 [Henry Kissinger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger)
 * 1988 [François Mitterrand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Mitterrand) / [Helmut Kohl](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Kohl)
 * 1989 [Brother Roger](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_Roger)
 * 1990 [Gyula Horn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Horn)
 * 1991 [Václav Havel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Václav_Havel)
 * 1992 [Jacques Delors](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Delors)
 * 1993 [Felipe González](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_González)
 * 1994 [Gro Harlem Brundtland](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland)
 * 1995 [Franz Vranitzky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky)
 * 1996 [Queen Beatrix](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands)
 * 1997 [Roman Herzog](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Herzog)
 * 1998 [Bronisław Geremek](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronisław_Geremek)
 * 1999 [Tony Blair](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair)
 * 2000 [Bill Clinton](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton)

 | 
| 2001–present |

 * 2001 [György Konrád](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/György_Konrád)
 * 2002 [Euro](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro)
 * 2003 [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valéry_Giscard_d'Estaing)
 * 2004 [Pat Cox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_Cox) / [Pope John Paul II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II)^(1)
 * 2005 [Carlo Azeglio Ciampi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi)
 * 2006 [Jean-Claude Juncker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker)
 * 2007 [Javier Solana](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javier_Solana)
 * 2008 [Angela Merkel](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel)
 * 2009 [Andrea Riccardi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi)
 * 2010 [Donald Tusk](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Tusk)
 * 2011 [Jean-Claude Trichet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet)
 * 2012 [Wolfgang Schäuble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Schäuble)
 * 2013 [Dalia Grybauskaitė](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskaitė)
 * 2014 [Herman Van Rompuy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy)
 * 2015 [Martin Schulz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Schulz)
 * 2016 [Pope Francis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis)
 * 2017 [Timothy Garton Ash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash)
 * 2018 [Emmanuel Macron](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron)
 * 2019 [António Guterres](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/António_Guterres)
 * 2020 [Klaus Iohannis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis)
 * 2022 [Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya), [Maria Kalesnikava](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava), [Veronika Tsepkalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo)
 * 2023 [Volodymyr Zelensky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy), [the Ukrainian people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine)
 * 2024 [Pinchas Goldschmidt](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt) and the Jewish communities in Europe
 * 2025 [Ursula von der Leyen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula_von_der_Leyen)
 * 2026 [Mario Draghi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Draghi)

 | 
|

^(1) Received extraordinary prize.

 |

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):

 *  [Biography](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography)
 * [⌊icon⌉⌊icon⌉[ [Catholic Church](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church)
 * [⌊icon⌉⌊icon⌉[ [Christianity](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity)
 * ⌊flag⌉⌊flag⌉ [France](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:France)
 * ⌊flag⌉⌊flag⌉ [Luxembourg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Luxembourg)
 * [⌊icon⌉⌊icon⌉[ [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)

|

[Authority control databases](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control) [⌊Edit this at Wikidata⌉](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15981#identifiers)

 | 
| International |

 * [ISNI](https://isni.org/isni/0000000108927941)
 * [VIAF](https://viaf.org/viaf/44324229)
 * [GND](https://d-nb.info/gnd/118611631)
 * [FAST](https://id.worldcat.org/fast/756)
 * [WorldCat](https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvt4ycjPW9bBhf9jF48YP)

 | 
| National |

 * [United States](https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50003164)
 * [France](https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12084053n)
 * [BnF data](https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12084053n)
 * [Japan](https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00525989)
 * [Italy](https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV149999)
 * [Czech Republic](https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701624&CON_LNG=ENG)
 * [Spain](https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1116168)
 * [Netherlands](http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071197451)
 * [Norway](https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90750156)
 * [Latvia](https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000039022&P_CON_LNG=ENG)
 * [Poland](https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810564099605606)
 * [Vatican](https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/288820)
 * [Israel](https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007462953005171)
 * [Belgium](https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14230833)
 * [Croatia](https://bukinet-mreza.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/discovery/authfulldisplay?&context=L&vid=385BUKINET_NETWORK:VU1_UNION&lang=en&docid=981005781744809366)

 | 
| Academics |

 * [CiNii](https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04406969?l=en)

 | 
| Artists |

 * [MusicBrainz](https://musicbrainz.org/artist/20e76e83-c744-4ee2-a53a-12cc6593e732)

 | 
| People |

 * [Netherlands](http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/92270102)
 * [Sycomore](https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/6358)
 * [Trove](https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1039949)
 * [Deutsche Biographie](https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118611631.html?language=en)
 * [DDB](https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118611631)

 | 
| Other |

 * [IdRef](https://www.idref.fr/029156238)
 * [Open Library](https://openlibrary.org/works/OL560276A?mode=all)
 * [NARA](https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582193)
 * [SNAC](https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z614hb)
 * [Yale LUX](https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/f882cd75-b4d2-4877-a4a6-c01929a15b5b)

 |

![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&
type=1x1&usesul3=1)

allikas: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Schuman)