HSURs (Herpesvirus saimiri U RNAs) are viral small regulatory RNAs. They are found in Herpesvirus saimiri which is responsible for aggressive T-cell leukemias in primates. They are nuclear RNAs which bind host proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs).[1] The RNAs are 114–143 nucleotides in length and the HSUR family has been subdivided into HSURs numbered 1 to 7.[2] The function of HSURs has not yet been identified; they do not affect transcription so are thought to act post-transcriptionally, potentially influencing the stability of host mRNAs.[1]
HSUR1 and 2 are the most conserved members of the family within HSV subgroups. HSUR1 has been shown to bind the host heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particle protein hnRNPD in vivo.[3] Other HSURs bind HuR/ELAVL1.[2] They are transcribed by RNA polymerase II with promoters similar to that of U RNAs[1]
Features shared by all HSURs include:[1]
- 5′-trimethylguanosine caps
- 3′ terminal stem-loops
- canonical Sm protein-binding site (AUUUUUG)
A proposed role for HSURs is that they use the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway to manipulate host-cell gene expression. One identified miRNA which responds to HSURs is miR-27.[4]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d Conrad NK, Fok V, Cazalla D, Borah S, Steitz JA (2006). "The challenge of viral snRNPs". Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 71: 377–384. doi:10.1101/sqb.2006.71.057. PMID 17381320.
- ^ a b Tycowski K.T., Kolev N.G., Conrad N.K., Fok V., and Steitz J.A. 2006. The ever-growing world of small nuclear ribonucleoproteins. In The RNA world, 3rd edition (ed. R.F. Gesteland et al.), p. 327. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York.
- ^ Cook HL, Mischo HE, Steitz JA (May 2004). "The Herpesvirus saimiri small nuclear RNAs recruit AU-rich element-binding proteins but do not alter host AU-rich element-containing mRNA levels in virally transformed T cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (10): 4522–4533. doi:10.1128/mcb.24.10.4522-4533.2004. PMC 400482. PMID 15121869.
- ^ Cazalla, D; Yario, T; Steitz, JA (Jun 18, 2010). "Down-regulation of a host microRNA by a Herpesvirus saimiri noncoding RNA". Science. 328 (5985): 1563–1566. doi:10.1126/science.1187197. PMC 3075239. PMID 20558719.
Further reading
- Albrecht JC, Fleckenstein B (April 1992). "Nucleotide sequence of HSUR 6 and HSUR 7, two small RNAs of herpesvirus saimiri". Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (7): 1810. doi:10.1093/nar/20.7.1810. PMC 312282. PMID 1315960.
- Lee SI, Murthy SC, Trimble JJ, Desrosiers RC, Steitz JA (August 1988). "Four novel U RNAs are encoded by a herpesvirus". Cell. 54 (5): 599–607. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(88)80004-7. PMID 2842058. S2CID 32003539.
- Cook HL, Mischo HE, Steitz JA (May 2004). "The Herpesvirus saimiri small nuclear RNAs recruit AU-rich element-binding proteins but do not alter host AU-rich element-containing mRNA levels in virally transformed T cells". Mol. Cell. Biol. 24 (10): 4522–4533. doi:10.1128/mcb.24.10.4522-4533.2004. PMC 400482. PMID 15121869.
- Wassarman DA, Lee SI, Steitz JA (February 1989). "Nucleotide sequence of HSUR 5 RNA from herpesvirus saimiri". Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (3): 1258. doi:10.1093/nar/17.3.1258. PMC 331759. PMID 2537954.
- Lee SI, Steitz JA (August 1990). "Herpesvirus saimiri U RNAs are expressed and assembled into ribonucleoprotein particles in the absence of other viral genes". J. Virol. 64 (8): 3905–3915. doi:10.1128/JVI.64.8.3905-3915.1990. PMC 249686. PMID 2164602.
- Fan XC, Myer VE, Steitz JA (October 1997). "AU-rich elements target small nuclear RNAs as well as mRNAs for rapid degradation". Genes Dev. 11 (19): 2557–2568. doi:10.1101/gad.11.19.2557. PMC 316563. PMID 9334320.
- Myer VE, Lee SI, Steitz JA (February 1992). "Viral small nuclear ribonucleoproteins bind a protein implicated in messenger RNA destabilization". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (4): 1296–1300. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.4.1296. PMC 48436. PMID 1311093.
- Chou CS, Medveczky MM, Geck P, Vercelli D, Medveczky PG (April 1995). "Expression of IL-2 and IL-4 in T lymphocytes transformed by herpesvirus saimiri". Virology. 208 (2): 418–426. doi:10.1006/viro.1995.1172. PMID 7747414.
- Geck P, Whitaker SA, Medveczky MM, Last TJ, Medveczky PG (January 1994). "Small RNA expression from the oncogenic region of a highly oncogenic strain of herpesvirus saimiri". Virus Genes. 8 (1): 25–34. doi:10.1007/bf01703599. PMID 8209420. S2CID 43914499.